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A man holds up a sign saying "DEPLORABLES AND ALT-RIGHT UNITE" with a cartoon frog in the corner.
An alt-right Trump supporter at the March 4 Trump in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

The alt-right, or alternative right, is a loosely defined group of people with far-right ideologies who reject mainstream conservatism in favor of white nationalism, principally in the United States, but also to a lesser degree in Canada and Europe.[1][2][3][4] Paul Gottfried is the first person to use the term "alternative right", when referring specifically to developments within American right-wing politics, in 2008.[5] The term has since gained wide currency with the rise of the so-called "alt-right". White supremacist[6] Richard Spencer coined the term in 2010 in reference to a movement centered on white nationalism, and has been accused by some media publications of doing so to excuse overt racism, white supremacism, and neo-Nazism.[1][7] The term drew considerable media attention and controversy during and after the 2016 US presidential election.[8]

Alt-right beliefs have been described as isolationist, protectionist, antisemitic, and white supremacist,[9][10][11] frequently overlapping with Neo-Nazism,[12][13][14] nativism and Islamophobia,[15][16][17][18][19] antifeminism and homophobia,[12][20][21][22] right-wing populism,[23][24] and the neoreactionary movement.[9][25] The concept has further been associated with multiple groups from American nationalists, neo-monarchists, men's rights advocates, and the 2016 presidential campaign of Donald Trump.[15][24][25][26][27]

The alt-right has its roots on Internet websites such as 4chan and 8chan, where anonymous members create and use Internet memes to express their ideologies.[9][14][28] It is difficult to tell how much of what people write in these venues is serious and how much is intended to provoke outrage.[23][29] Members of the alt-right use websites like Alternative Right, Twitter, Breitbart, and Reddit to convey their message.[30][31] Alt-right postings generally support Donald Trump[32][33][34][35] and oppose immigration, multiculturalism and political correctness.[13][20][36]

The alt-right has also had a significant influence on conservative thought in the United States, such as the Sailer Strategy for winning political support, along with having close ties to the Trump Administration. It has been listed as a key reason for Trump's win in the 2016 election.[37][38] The Trump administration includes several figures who are associated with the alt-right, such as White House Chief Strategist Steve Bannon.[39] In 2016, Bannon described Breitbart as "the platform for the alt-right", with the goal of promoting the ideology.[40]

Etymology

[edit]
Richard Spencer is considered a leader of the alt-right.

In November 2008, self-described paleoconservative philosopher Paul Gottfried addressed the H. L. Mencken Club about what he called "the alternative right".[41] This was republished in December under the title "The Decline and Rise of the Alternative Right"[42] in the conservative Taki's Magazine, making this the earliest published usage of the phrase in its current context according to Slate. In 2009, two more posts at Taki's Magazine, by Patrick J. Ford and Jack Hunter, further discussed the alternative right.[43] The term, however, is most commonly attributed to Richard B. Spencer, president of the National Policy Institute and founder of Alternative Right.[23][44][45]

Beliefs

[edit]

The Associated Press stated that the

'alt-right' or 'alternative right' is a name currently embraced by some white supremacists and white nationalists to refer to themselves and their ideology, which emphasizes preserving and protecting the white race in the United States in addition to, or over, other traditional conservative positions such as limited government, low taxes and strict law-and-order. The movement has been described as a mix of racism, white nationalism and populism ... criticizes "multiculturalism" and more rights for non-whites, women, Jews, Muslims, gays, immigrants and other minorities. Its members reject the American democratic ideal that all should have equality under the law regardless of creed, gender, ethnic origin or race.[1][46]

There is no formal organization and it is not clear if the alt-right can be considered as a movement;[47] according to a 2016 description in the Columbia Journalism Review: "Because of the nebulous nature of anonymous online communities, nobody's entirely sure who the alt-righters are and what motivates them. It's also unclear which among them are true believers and which are smart-ass troublemakers trying to ruffle feathers."[29]  Many of its own proponents often claim they are joking or seeking to provoke an outraged response.[23] Andrew Marantz of The New Yorker describes it as "a label, like 'snob' or 'hipster,' that is often disavowed by people who exemplify it".[27]

It has been said to include elements of white nationalism,[12][13][23] white supremacism,[10][11][36] antisemitism,[12][13][14] right-wing populism,[23] nativism,[15] and the neoreactionary movement.[25] Andrew Marantz includes "neo-monarchists, masculinists, conspiracists, belligerent nihilists".[27] Newsday columnist Cathy Young noted the alt-right's strong opposition to both legal and illegal immigration and its hard-line stance on the European migrant crisis.[48]  Robert Tracinski of The Federalist has written that the alt-right opposes miscegenation and advocates collectivism as well as tribalism.[49] Nicole Hemmer stated on NPR that political correctness is seen by the alt-right as "the greatest threat to their liberty".[20]

Milo Yiannopoulos claims that some "young rebels" are drawn to the alt-right not for deeply political reasons but "because it promises fun, transgression, and a challenge to social norms".[50]  According to The New Yorker, "testing the strength of the speech taboos that revolve around conventional politics-of what can be said, and how directly", is a major component of alt-right identity.[50]  The beliefs that make the alt-right perceptible as a movement "are in their essence not matters of substance but of style", and the alt-right's tone may just be concealing "a more familiar politics".[50]

Ties to white nationalism

[edit]

White supremacist[6][51][52][53] Richard Spencer coined the term in 2010 in reference to a movement centered on white nationalism, and has been accused by some media publications of doing so to excuse overt racism, white supremacism, and neo-Nazism.[1][7][54][55][56] Spencer has described the alt-right as “identity politics for white Americans and for Europeans around the world".[57]

While the label of white nationalism is disputed by some political commentators including Allum Bokhari and Milo Yiannopoulos,[58] alt-right figures such as Andrew Anglin of neo-Nazi website The Daily Stormer and Marcus Halberstram of Fash the Nation have embraced the term as the core philosophy their movement is based on.[59][60] In response to a Washington Post article that portrayed the movement as "offensiveness for the sake of offensiveness", Anglin said "No it isn't. The goal is to ethnically cleanse White nations of non-Whites and establish an authoritarian government. Many people also believe that the Jews should be exterminated."[61][62]

Anti-feminism

[edit]

The alt-right is often described as "misogynistic" and supporting an "anti-woman" view.[20] Opposition to feminism and intersectionality are common.[63] The alt-right has a significant overlap in supporters with the men's rights movement.[26]

History

[edit]
Jared Taylor, a prominent white supremacist, is a figure in the alt-right community.

According to economist Jeffrey Tucker of the Foundation for Economic Education, the alt-right "inherits a long and dreary tradition of thought from Friedrich Hegel to Thomas Carlyle to Oswald Spengler to Madison Grant to Othmar Spann to Giovanni Gentile to Trump's speeches". He states that alt-right proponents "look back to what they imagine to be a golden age when elites ruled and peons obeyed", and believe that "identity is everything and the loss of identity is the greatest crime against self anyone can imagine".[64]

In March 2016, Breitbart News writers Allum Bokhari and Milo Yiannopoulos published a piece on the alt-right, which CNN described as being similar to a manifesto.[65] In that article, they described the alt-right as being derived from the Old Right of the United States as well from various New Right movements of Europe, citing the movement has been influenced by Oswald Spengler, Henry Louis Mencken, Julius Evola and modern influences such as paleoconservatives Patrick J. Buchanan and Samuel T. Francis.[58] Jeet Heer of The New Republic likewise identifies the alt-right as having ideological origins among paleoconservatives, particularly with respect to its positions restricting immigration and supporting an openly nationalistic foreign policy.[66][67]

An analysis by The Guardian described the ethno-nationalism of the New Right as the alt-right's progenitor.[24][68] Matthew Sheffield, writing in the Washington Post, said the alt-right has also been influenced by anarcho-capitalist and paleolibertarian theorist Murray Rothbard, specifically in regards to his theorizing on race and democracy, and had previously rallied behind Ron Paul in 2008.[69] Tucker, an anarcho-capitalist, has said the alt-right is opposed to libertarianism because the alt-right focuses on group identity and tribalism instead of individual liberty.[64] The alt-right lineage can be traced back to "South Park Republican".[70] American professor and scholar Benjamin R. Teitelbaum compares the alt-right in the United States to identitarianism in Europe and notes that both were influenced by thinkers in the French New Right, or Nouvelle Droite.[71]

Notable current promoters of alt-right ideology include Vox Day,[72] Steve Sailer,[73] Richard B. Spencer,[74] and Brittany Pettibone.[75]

Trump presidential campaign

[edit]

The term drew considerable media attention and controversy during the 2016 presidential election, particularly after Trump appointed Breitbart News chair Steven Bannon as CEO of the Trump campaign in August. Steve Bannon referred to Breitbart News as "the platform for the alt-right".[40] The alt-right was exceedingly vocal in support for Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign.[23][76][32][33][34][35] During the campaign, Hillary Clinton attacked the alt-right as "racist ideas ... anti-Muslim, anti-immigrant, anti-women ideas" and accused Donald Trump of taking the alt-right "mainstream".[77]

Media attention grew after the election, particularly during a post-election celebratory meeting near the White House hosted by Richard Spencer. Spencer used several Nazi propaganda terms during a meeting, and closed with "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory". In response, supporters of Spencer gave the Nazi salute and chanted in a similar fashion to the Sieg Heil chant used at the Nuremberg rallies. Spencer defended the conduct, stating that the Nazi salute was given in a spirit of "irony and exuberance".[78][79] Following the episode, the Associated Press described the "alt-right" label as "currently embraced by some white supremacists and white nationalists" that "may exist primarily as a public-relations device to make its supporters' actual beliefs less clear and more acceptable to a broader audience". The AP said that it has previously called such beliefs "racist, neo-Nazi or white supremacist".[1]

Reactions

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Although some conservatives have welcomed the alt-right,[48] others on the mainstream right and left have criticized it as racist or hateful,[48][80] particularly given its hostility towards mainstream liberalism and conservatism.[81][82]

David A. French, writing for National Review, called alt-right proponents "wanna-be fascists" and bemoaned their entry into the national political conversation.[83] Benjamin Welton, writing for The Weekly Standard, described the alt-right as a "highly heterogeneous force" that "turns the left's moralism on its head and makes it a badge of honor to be called 'racist,' 'homophobic,' and 'sexist.'"[84]

Benjamin Wallace-Wells, writing for The New Yorker, described it as a "loosely assembled far-right movement", but said that its differences from the conventional right-wing in American politics are more a matter of style than of substance: "One way to understand the alt-right is not as a movement but as a collective experiment in identity, in the same way that many people use anonymity on the Internet to test more extreme versions of themselves."[23]

Professor George Hawley of the University of Alabama suggested that the alt-right may pose a greater threat to progressivism than the mainstream conservative movement.[85]

In an interview with The New York Times on November 22, 2016, President-elect Donald Trump disavowed and condemned the alt-right,[86] to the dismay of many of his alt-right supporters.[87]

In December 2016, artist Arrington de Dionyso, whose murals are frequently displayed at the Comet Ping Pong pizzeria, described the alt-right's on-line campaign of harassment against him in detail,[88] and averred of the attacks in general that "I think it's a very deliberate assault, which will eventually be a coordinated assault on all forms of free expression." The Pizzagate conspiracy theory has drawn comparisons with the Gamergate controversy.[89] A wave of threats against Jewish Community Centers starting in 2017 were blamed on the alt-right in a January 2017 article by Slate's Elissa Strauss, who said members of the alt-right viewed them as "a practical joke".[90]

The activist group Stop Normalizing, which opposes the normalization of terms like alt-right, developed the "Stop Normalizing Alt Right" Chrome extension. The extension went viral shortly after the release of Stop Normalizing's website.[91] The extension changes the term "alt-right" on webpages to "white supremacy".[92][93][94][95][96] The extension and group were founded by a New York-based advertising and media professional under the pseudonym George Zola.[97]

Reddit banned in 2017 the r/altright subreddit for violating its anti-doxxing policy.[98][99]

Many AltRight populist media figures criticized Trump's 2017 Shayrat missile strike reversal of policy towards war in Syria and the Middle East.[100][101][102][103] Ann Coulter pointed out that Trump "campaigned on not getting involved in Mideast" and this was one of the reasons many voted for him.[100] [104][105][106][107]

Commentary

[edit]

In National Review in April 2016, Ian Tuttle wrote,

The Alt-Right has evangelized over the last several months primarily via a racist and antisemitic online presence. But for Allum Bokhari and Milo Yiannopoulos, the alt-right consists of fun-loving provocateurs, valiant defenders of Western civilization, daring intellectuals—and a handful of neo-Nazis keen on a Final Solution 2.0, but there are only a few of them, and nobody likes them anyways.[108]

Bokhari and Yiannopoulos describe Jared Taylor, founder of American Renaissance, and Richard B. Spencer, founder of Alternative Right, as representative of intellectuals in the alt-right.[58][108] Cathy Young, writing in The Federalist, stated that the website Radix Journal had replaced the Alternative Right website, and describes a Radix Journal article on abortion which proclaimed that the pro-life position is "'dysgenic,' since it encourages breeding by 'the least intelligent and responsible' women".[109] Kevin B. MacDonald is also mentioned as an alt-right thinker.[1]

In Newsday, Young called the alt-right "a nest of anti-Semitism" inhabited by "white supremacists" who regularly use "repulsive bigotry".[48] Chris Hayes on All In with Chris Hayes described alt-right as a euphemistic term for "essentially modern-day white supremacy".[110] BuzzFeed reporter Rosie Gray described the alt-right as "white supremacy perfectly tailored for our times," saying that it uses "aggressive rhetoric and outright racial and anti-Semitic slurs" and that it has "more in common with European far-right movements than American ones".[111][112] Yishai Schwartz, writing for Haaretz, described the alt-right as "vitriolically anti-Semitic", saying that "The 'alternative' that the alt-right presents is, in large part, an alternative to acceptance of Jews", and warned that it must be taken seriously as a threat.[113] Chemi Shalev, also writing for Haaretz, has observed that alt-right supporters of Trump "despise Jewish liberals with same venom that Israeli right detests Jewish leftists".[114]

Breitbart News has become a popular outlet for alt-right views.[115][116][117]

On August 25, 2016, Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton gave a speech accusing Republican candidate Donald Trump of "helping a radical fringe take over the Republican Party".[118] She identified this radical fringe with the alt-right, and noted that Trump's campaign chief executive Steve Bannon has described his Breitbart News Network as "the platform for the alt-right".[40]  Some members of the group were delighted; they described Clinton's speech as "free publicity", noted that Google searches peaked afterward, and suggested that millions of people were hearing of the movement "for the very first time".[119]

On September 9, 2016, several figures of the alt-right community held a press conference, described by one reporter as the "coming-out party" of the little-known movement, to explain their goals.[120] They proclaimed racialist beliefs, stating "Race is real, race matters, and race is the foundation of identity."[121] Speakers called for a "White Homeland" and expounded on racial differences in intelligence. They also confirmed their support of Trump, saying "This is what a leader looks like."[121][122][123]

Use of memes

[edit]

The alt-right's use of Internet memes to express and advance its beliefs, often on websites such as 4chan, 8chan and The Daily Stormer, has been widely reported.[14][28][124][125] Among the most widely used are the following terms:

The prevalence of memes in alt-right circles has led some commentators to question whether the alt-right is a serious movement rather than just an alternative way to express traditionally conservative beliefs,[14][23] with Chava Gourarie of the Columbia Journalism Review stating that provoking a media reaction to these memes is for some creators an end in itself.[29] Marc Hetherington, professor of Political Science at Vanderbilt University, sees these memes as an effort to legitimize racist views.[149]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Daniszewski, John (November 26, 2016). "Writing about the 'alt-right'".
  2. ^ "Part of Canada's so-called alt-right is endorsing Conservative candidate Kellie Leitch". Vice News. December 5, 2016.
  3. ^ Astier, Henri (April 5, 2017). "French election: Young alt-right making waves". BBC News. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
  4. ^ writer, Jamie PalmerJamie Palmer is a; film-maker (June 1, 2017). "Paranoid Paleoconservatives". Quillette. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
  5. ^ "Meet the Jewish 'Paleoconservative' Who Coined The Term 'Alternative Right'". The Forward. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
  6. ^ a b *Peoples, Steve (July 24, 2016). "Energized white supremacists cheer Trump convention message". Cleveland, OH. Associated Press.
    • Wines, Michael; Saul, Stephanie (July 5, 2015). "White Supremacists Extend Their Reach Through Websites". The New York Times.
    • Gelin, Martin (November 13, 2014). "White Flight: America's white supremacists are ignored at home. So they are looking to start over with a little help from Europe's far right". Slate. Budapest, Hungary.
    • Chris Welch and Sara Ganim, White Supremacist Richard Spencer: 'We reached tens of millions of people' with video, CNN, December 6, 2016. "Now Spencer, a 38-year-old white supremacist and founder of the so-called alt-right movement, is taking his rhetoric on the road..."
    • Mangan, Katherine. "A push to 'expand white privilege': Richard B. Spencer president, National Policy Institute, a white-supremacist group." The Chronicle of Higher Education, December 9, 2016, A6+.
    • Zalman, Jonathan. "Neo-Nazi Website Tells Readers to 'Take Action' Against Jews on Behalf of Richard Spencer's Mother in Montana." Tablet Magazine, December 19, 2016. "Critics of Richard Spencer the white supremacist, alt-right leader who dreams of an "ethno-state"are making their voices heard..."
    • "Campus clashes as US white supremacist gives speech." London Evening Standard [London, England], December 7, 2016, p. 22. "Hundreds of demonstrators clashed with riot police at a protest against a white supremacist's speech at a leading American university. Richard Spencer, who gained notoriety for holding a so-called "alt-right" meeting celebrating Donald Trump's election triumph with Nazi rhetoric, told students attending the speech at the Texas A&M University last night: 'At the end of the day, America belongs to white men.'"
    • Gretel Kauffman, "Donald Trump again disavows so-called alt-right supporters", Christian Science Monitor, November 23, 2016. "Richard Spencer, coiner of the term "alt-right" and head of the white supremacist National Policy Institute..."
    • Gretel Kauffman, "White supremacists convene in celebration of Trump victory", Christian Science Monitor, November 20, 2016. The annual conference of the National Policy Institute, a white supremacist think tank, experienced a rise in attendance this year... 'It's been an awakening,' Richard Spencer, president of the National Policy Institute, said at the conference."
  7. ^ a b Spencer, Richard (August 6, 2008). "The Conservative Write". Taki's Magazine.
  8. ^ O'Grady, Jeremy (October 1, 2016). "The rise of the alt-right". The Week. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
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  10. ^ a b c Ohlheiser, Abby (June 3, 2016). "Anti-Semitic Trump supporters made a giant list of people to target with a racist meme". The Washington Post.
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  12. ^ a b c d McAfee, Tierney (August 25, 2016). "What Is the Alt-Right Anyway? A User's Guide". People. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
  13. ^ a b c d Krieg, Gregory (August 25, 2016). "Clinton is attacking the 'Alt-Right' – What is it?". CNN. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Hess, Amanda (June 10, 2016). "For the Alt-Right, the Message Is in the Punctuation". The New York Times.
  15. ^ a b c Becker, Amanda. "Clinton to accuse Trump of embracing nativist political movement". Reuters.
  16. ^ Walsh, Joan (July 20, 2016). "Islamophobes, White Supremacists, and Gays for Trump–the Alt-Right Arrives at the RNC". The Nation. Retrieved October 1, 2016. At the self-described "most fab party at the RNC" Tuesday night, Islamophobe provocateur Pamela Geller, not renowned as a stand-up comedian, opened with a joke... Before Geller and Yiannopolous spoke, the crowd welcomed the notorious Dutch politician Geert Wilders, who runs the anti-immigrant Dutch Party for Freedom. Wilders, a Trump admirer, was banned from entering Britain in 2009 for his Islamophobia (the decision was reversed in 2010) but was welcome here in Cleveland. An exhilarated Richard Spencer, a leading white nationalist who coined the term "alt-right," introduced himself to me just as Milo began to speak. 'This is the alt-right convention!...'  At this first "alt-right convention," most of the influentials weren't known to the public. They're hoping that will change, under President Donald J. Trump.
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  32. ^ a b Roy, Jessica (November 21, 2016). "Neo-Nazi 'alt-right' crowd cheers the president-elect with 'Hail Trump'". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
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  37. ^ Willick, Park MacDougald, Jason. "The Man Who Invented Identity Politics for the New Right". Daily Intelligencer. Retrieved May 4, 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  48. ^ a b c d Young, Cathy (January 25, 2016). "Donald Trump's rant against political correctness is comfort food to racists". Newsday. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
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  52. ^ Posner, Sarah (October 18, 2016). "Meet the Alt-Right 'Spokesman' Who's Thrilled With Trump's Rise". Rolling Stone.
  53. ^ Lombroso, Daniel; Appelbaum, Yoni (November 21, 2016). "'Hail Trump!': White Nationalists Salute the President-Elect" (Includes excerpted video). The Atlantic. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
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  58. ^ a b c "An Establishment Conservative's Guide To The Alt-Right". Breitbart. March 29, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
  59. ^ "Alt-Right vs. Alt-Wrong". Fash the Nation. September 25, 2016. One of the things I want to point out very clearly is that we are white nationalists. Period. And without white nationalism the alt-right is nothing... this is extremely important. We're not going to walk back from these principles.
  60. ^ Anglin, Andrew (September 26, 2016). "Milo Attacks Daily Stormer and Fash the Nation, Says Alt-Right is Only 2–5% of the Alt-Right". The Daily Stormer.
  61. ^ Nesbit, Jeff (September 12, 2016). "What Is the Alt-Right?". U.S. News and World Report. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)
  62. ^ Hankes, Keegan (August 25, 2016). "Whose Alt-Right Is It Anyway?". Southern Poverty Law Center. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)
  63. ^ Ctrl-Alt-Delete: The origins and ideology of the Alternative Right
  64. ^ a b Tucker, Jeffrey (August 26, 2016). "Five Differences Between the Alt-Right and Libertarianism". Foundation for Economic Education. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
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  66. ^ Heer, Jeet (January 22, 2016). "National Review Fails to Kill Its Monster". The New Republic.
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