User:Danacheung16/sandbox
Notes for improvement:
[edit]I think the current article lacks information regarding phonology. I was able to find a source that contained information regarding the consonants, so I have placed it below.
I think that the subsection titled "Location" can be further expanded. I have added my suggestions below.
I also think that the introduction in the current Wikipedia article lacks information about the categorization of the Guiqiong language, as it is a subgroup of the Qiangic language. There are specific distinctions that must be made, so I have placed my suggestions below.
Guiqiong language
[edit]The Qiangic languages are split into two language clusters. Guiqiong is categorized into a specific Qiangic cluster based on its vocabulary. This Qiangic language cluster also includes Zhaba, Queya, Ersu, Shixing, and Namuzi.[1]
Outside their villages, they speak Chinese. The language is heavily related to the Chinese language, as it contains many loanwords.[2]
The Guiqiong language utilizes four tones and has no written script.[3] Although Guiqiong lacks a written script, it has been able to successfully transcend from generation to generally orally.[4]
The language has no presence in media today.[5]
General Information
[edit]Location
[edit]Most groups who speak languages that are part of the Qiangic subgroup of Tibeto-Burman are classified as members of the Tibetan national minority and live in western Sichuan province.[6][7] Speakers of Guiqiong live in small communities that are intertwined among larger Chinese communities. They are distributed along the terraces of the Dadu River Yuton District, Kangding County of the Ganzi Autonomous Prefecture of the Tibetan Nationality, Sichuan.[8]
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]The language has a very complex initial consonant system.[9]
The following table is the phonological consonant inventory of Guiqiong.[10]
| Consonants | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Initials | |||||||
| p | t | ts | tʂ | tʃ | tɕ | k | q |
| ph | th | tsh | tʂh | tʃh | tɕh | kh | qh |
| b | d | dz | dʐ | dɜ | dʑ | g | |
| f | s | ʂ | ʃ | ɕ | x | ||
| v | z | ʐ | ɜ | ʑ | ɣ | ||
| m | n | ɳ | ɲ | ||||
| w | l | j | |||||
| ɬ | |||||||
| Initial Clusters | |||||||
| np | nt | nts | ntʂ | ntʃ | ntɕ | nk | |
| nph | nth | ntsh | ntʂh | ntʃh | ntɕh | nkh | |
| nb | nd | ndz | ndʐ | ndɜ | ndʑ | ng | |
Vowels
[edit]Guiqiong distinguishes eight different vowel qualities. [11]
| Name | Height | Backness | Roundness |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front closed unrounded | close | front | unrounded |
| Front closed rounded | close | front | rounded |
| Back closed rounded | close | back | rounded |
| Front open-mid unrounded | open-mid | front | unrounded |
| Back close-mid rounded | close-mid | back | rounded |
| Mid central vowel (schwa) | mid | central | unrounded |
| Back open-mid rounded | open-mid | back | rounded |
| Near-open central vowel | near-open | central | vowel |
Nasalisation and diphthongs are also used to distinguish words. [11]
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- ^ Thurgood, G., & LaPolla, R. J. (Eds.). (2006). The Sino-Tibetan Languages (p. 17). London, United Kingdom: Taylor and Francis elibrary.
- ^ Hongkai, S. (1990). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area (Vols. 13 - 1, pp. 11). (J. T, Trans.).
- ^ Guiqiong Profile. (n.d.). In Sichuan's Ethnic Corridor. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
- ^ Marti, F., Ortega, P., Idiazabal, I., Barrena, A., Juaristi, P., Junyent, C., & Uranga, B. (2005). Words and Worlds: World Languages Review (p. 139). Tonawanda, NY: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
- ^ Marti, F., Ortega, P., Idiazabal, I., Barrena, A., Juaristi, P., Junyent, C., & Uranga, B. (2005). Words and Worlds: World Languages Review (p. 179). Tonawanda, NY: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
- ^ Turin, M., & Zeisler, B. (Eds.). (2011). Himalayan Languages and Linguistics: Studies in Phonology, Semantics, Morphology and Syntax (p. 304). Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV.
- ^ Moseley, C. (Ed.). (2010). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (3rd ed., p. 70). Paris, France: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
- ^ Hongkai, S. (1990). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area (Vols. 13 - 1, pp. 11). (J. T, Trans.).
- ^ Bradley, D. Anthropological Linguistics, 57(4), 456-459.
- ^ Namkung, J. (Ed.). (1996). Phonological Inventories of Tibeto-Burman Languages (p. 114). Berkeley, CA: Center for Southeast Asia Studies.
- ^ a b Jiang, L. (2015). A Grammar of Guiqiong: A Language of Sichuan (p. 23). Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV.