User:Cthant/Pharmacy benefit management/Bibliography

You will be compiling your bibliography and creating an outline of the changes you will make in this sandbox.

Bibliography

As you gather the sources for your Wikipedia contribution, think about the following:

Is the source from a reliable publication?
- Reliable publications include established newspapers, academic journals and books, textbooks, and other published sources with reputations for accuracy and fact-checking.
- Unreliable sources include blog posts and other self-published works, press releases, and social media posts.
Is the source verifiable?
- In order for a source to be considered verifiable, other editors should be able to consult the source.
Is the source independent of the subject?
- Is the source connected in any way to the subject? This is especially important when writing biographies or about organizations.
- For example, if you were writing a biography, sources like the person's webpage or personal blog would not be considered independent.
Is the source primary or secondary?
- Primary sources include first-hand accounts, autobiographies, and other original content.
- Wikipedia allows limited use of primary sources, but typically only for straightforward, descriptive statements of facts, and only if they are published and verifiable without requiring specialized knowledge.
- Secondary sources should be the main basis for a biography on Wikipedia.
If you're working on a topic related to medicine or psychology, ensure that your sources follow these special guidelines.
If you're creating a new article, consider the following:
- Ensure that your topic meets Wikipedia's notability guidelines.
- In order for a topic to meet the notability requirement, you must be able to identify 2-3 sources that are reliable, verifiable, and independent of the subject you're writing about.
- Finding sufficient sources to establish notability can be especially hard when writing about people or organizations.
- Sources that are not independent of the subject might be useful additions, but don't count towards the notability requirement.
- Wikipedia has developed special guidelines for writing about living persons. Please follow these carefully.
- Wikipedia has a series of guidelines for writing about different categories of people, such as academics and artists. If you're trying to create a new entry about a living person, please look at these carefully.

If you're not sure whether a source is reliable, ask a librarian! If you have questions about Wikipedia's sourcing rules, you can use the Get Help button below to contact your Wikipedia Expert.

Get Help

Bibliography

Edit this section to compile the bibliography for your Wikipedia assignment. Add the name and/or notes about what each source covers, then use the "Cite" button to generate the citation for that source

Bai, G., Sen, A.P. and Anderson, G.F. (2018) ‘Pharmacy Benefit Managers, Brand-Name Drug Prices, and Patient Cost Sharing’, Annals of Internal Medicine, 168(6), pp. 436–437. doi:10.7326/M17-2506.
This peer-reviewed academic journal written by Ge Bai, PhD, CPA; Aditi P. Sen, PhD; and Gerard F. Anderson, PhD explains how various PBM business practices lead to higher drug prices. This article was published on February 13, 2018, on Annals of Internal Medicine, a reputable internal medicine journal. It references studies and reports regarding practices of pharmacy benefit management and numerous journal articles, many of which are from 2017. This secondary source is helpful in that it provides background on how PBMs increase drug pricing, however, some of the information is outdated as more is known about specific PBM practices today. There is also bias in that the authors include their own opinions on how to best regulate drug pricing.
Dicken, J.E. (2024) PRESCRIPTION DRUGS: Selected States’ Regulation of Pharmacy Benefit Managers. rep. U.S. Government Accountability Office. Available at: https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-24-106898.pdf (Accessed: 04 October 2024).
This report was published by the US Government Accountability Office (GAO) in March 2024 following a study on what actions the five states selected in the study (Arkansas, California, Louisiana, Maine, and New York) took to regulate the activities of pharmacy benefit managers, describe stakeholders perceptions of PBM regulation, as well as identify learning outcomes of PBM regulation in these five states through interviews with regulators from each state. It also describes the procedure GAO used to obtain this information. This report provides findings from the GAO study; tables identifying which regulations each state has carried out, which areas of regulation representatives from different pharmacy associations are in favor of, as well as similar comments made from stakeholder representatives about certain areas of PBM regulation; and summaries from interviews with people from stakeholders such as state health plan associations, state pharmacy associations, as well as state regulators and national organizations assessing each groups’ views on Pharmacy Benefit Manager Regulation in each state. Additionally background information on health coverage by private health plans in the US, increasing trends in drug pricing, PBM functions, and state regulation policies is provided within the report. GAO provides adequate coverage on the methods that states are taking to more closely regulate the practices of PBMs as well as how effective each type of regulation is. This report is unbiased as it acknowledges the benefits and functions that PBMs provide for pharmacies, drug manufacturers, and health plan members.
Mattingly II, T.J., Hyman, D.A. and Bai, G. (2023) ‘Pharmacy Benefit Managers: History, Business Practices, Economics, and Policy’, JAMA Health Forum, 4(11), p. e233804. doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2023.3804.
This topical overview was written by Mattingly II, T.J., Hyman, D.A., and Bai, G. in 2023 to outline the entirety of the PBM industry. This is done through focusing on the history, past and current business practices, and statewide and national regulations. T.J. Mattingly II is the vice chair of research at the College of Pharmacy at the University of Utah. Ge Bai is a professor of health policy & management (joint) at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. The Scott K. Ginsburg Professor of Health Law & Policy David Hyman is the Scott K. Ginsburg Professor of Health Law & Policy. This article was published on the Jama Heath Forum on November 3, 2023. Jama Health Forum is a peer-reviewed online forum. A lot of the information comes from other reputable scholarly articles and medical journals written by professionals in healthcare and business. This tertiary source provides up-to-date reliable background knowledge regarding the business practices of PBMs. Using this I can update any outdated information in my Wikipedia article. Using the references in this article I can also find many reliable sources related to the effects of PBMs on healthcare and policies that regulate PBM practices.
Mattingly, T. J., 2nd, Lewis, M., Socal, M. P., & Bai, G. (2022). State-level policy efforts to regulate pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs). Research in social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP, 18(11), 3995–4002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.07.045
This peer-reviewed scholarly article was written by T. Joseph Mattingly II at the University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Maisie Lewis at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Mariana P Socal at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Ge Bai at Johns Hopkins Carey Business School. The purpose of this article is to review the ways that different states regulate PBM management and discuss the potential effects of PBMs on the healthcare system. This article is useful when discussing state-level regulation taking place in several aspects of PBM practice.
S.127 - 118th Congress (2023-2024): Pharmacy Benefit Manager Transparency Act of 2023. (2023, December 13). https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/senate-bill/127
Congress.gov provides information about the Transparency Act of 2023, a federal bill that is still in the first steps of becoming law. Congress.gov is the official website of the US Congress where information on bills, laws, and policies are posted. There is an overview of the bill where the most recent actions, progress in becoming law, and the information of the sponsor are listed. There is also a summary of the bill, a full-text version, and a list of all the government actions involved with the bill. The purpose of this page is to inform readers about what policies are included in the bill and any general information about it. This primary source is useful for citing specific passages from the bill to explain what impact it will have on the regulation of PBM business practices.
Thomson, D. (2024) ‘California may regulate and restrict pharmaceutical brokers’, Los Angeles Times, 16 September. Available at: https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-09-16/california-may-regulate-and-restrict-pharmaceutical-brokers (Accessed: 12 October 2024).
This Los Angeles Times Article was written by Don Thomson on September 16, 2024. Although a reliable publication, skews left in terms of bias. This article provides a brief overview of why people blame PBMs for the increasing drug prices, a summary of the Senate bill SB 966: Pharmacy benefits proposed by California Sen. Scott Wiener, and what that entails for struggling independent pharmacies. The article also provides perspectives on the bill from the side of the National Community Pharmacists Association as well as The Pharmaceutical Care Management Association. He also describes the current state of the bill leading up to a Supreme Court decision. Thompson quotes members of both The National Community Pharmacists Association, The Pharmaceutical Care Management Association, and Independent pharmacist Clint Hopkins, co-owner of Pucci’s Pharmacy. This primary source is useful because it provides accounts from multiple perspectives both independent pharmacies and PBMs on the new bill that is being passed. The purpose of this news article is to inform readers of the bill that is being passed and present perspectives of different sides of the controversy surrounding the bill. This newspaper article is a good source to reference for details about SB966, the proposed bill being passed in California.
Wiener, S. et. al. (2024) SB 966: Pharmacy benefits., SB 966: Pharmacy benefits. | Digital Democracy. Available at: https://digitaldemocracy.calmatters.org/bills/ca_202320240sb966 (Accessed: 14 October 2024).
This website provides information about the Senate bill SB 966: Pharmacy benefits which would require all PBMs to be licensed under the Department of Insurance. It includes summaries of the bill up to the most current update, full text of the bill, votes, support of the bill by different organizations, and an analysis of each Senate floor. The website also provides a list of names of all the authors and their information. There is also a timeline showing the current state of the bill. The publisher is CalMatters, a reputable nonpartisan news organization with coverage of policies in California. This primary source helps cite info about specific policies included in the bill.
Yang, J. (2024) Independent pharmacies are getting squeezed. A new state bill may change that., Mission Local. Available at: https://missionlocal.org/2024/06/independent-pharmacies-struggle-blaming-pbms/ (Accessed: 04 October 2024).
This news article was written by Junyao Yang and published by a local nonprofit news organization, Mission Local, on June 11, 2024. Yang describes how Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMs) in California are taking advantage of local independent pharmacies by controlling reimbursement funds for drugs and charging prescription-based fees. Additionally, she describes a new bill, SB 966, proposed by state Senator Scott Wiener which would require licensure at the California Department of Insurance by all PBMs and how it may take off some of the financial pressure being applied to independent pharmacies. Yang also utilizes several quotes from interviews with pharmacists such as Jerry Tonelli, owner of Central Drug Store in the Excelsior District of San Francisco, and Joe Bastion owner of Joe’s Pharmacy on Geary Blvd, San Francisco, as well as representatives from statewide and national pharmacy associations. The author provides readers with a good understanding of the problem regarding unregulated PBM business practices as well as what these policies mean for vulnerable small independent pharmacies across California. Furthermore, she provides relevant examples of how the California government is trying to regulate PBM activity such as SB 966. The information is up-to-date and relevant to the topic of struggling independent pharmacies in California. This article, however, does not focus on pharmacies in the Central Valley, rather it is more focused on the San Francisco area. Additionally, the author is biased in that she argues against the business practices of pharmacy benefit managers and does not provide a viewpoint from the side of PBMs. This would be a good primary source to include when identifying and describing the problems regarding PBMs.

Examples:

Luke, Learie. 2007. Identity and secession in the Caribbean: Tobago versus Trinidad, 1889–1980 Kingston, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press.
- This is a book published by a university press, so it should be a reliable source. It also covers the topic in some depth, so it's helpful in establishing notability.
Galeano, Gloria; Bernal, Rodrigo (2013-11-08). "Sabinaria , a new genus of palms (Cryosophileae, Coryphoideae, Arecaceae) from the Colombia-Panama border". Phytotaxa.
- This is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, so it should be a reliable source. It covers the topic in some depth, so it's helpful in establishing notability.
Baker, William J.; Dransfield, John (2016). "Beyond Genera Palmarum: progress and prospects in palm systematics". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.
- This is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, so it should be a reliable source for a specific fact. Since it only dedicates a few sentences to the topic, it can't be used to establish notability.

References

Outline of proposed changes

Click on the edit button to draft your outline.

Now that you have compiled a bibliography, it's time to plan out how you'll improve your assigned article.

In this section, write up a concise outline of how the sources you've identified will add relevant information to your chosen article. Be sure to discuss what content gap your additions tackle and how these additions will improve the article's quality.

Consider other changes you'll make to the article, including possible deletions of irrelevant, outdated, or incorrect information, restructuring of the article to improve its readability or any other change you plan on making. This is your chance to really think about how your proposed additions will improve your chosen article and to vet your sources even further.

Note: This is not a draft. This is an outline/plan where you can think about how the sources you've identified will fill in a content gap.

Get Help

Outline

Add a section about PBM regulation Laws and policies
- Types of regulation being used
- California
  - SB 966
  - Knox-Keene Health Care Service Plan Act of 1975
- Nationwide Federal Bill
  - S.127 - Pharmacy Benefit Manager Transparency Act of 2023
- add to the net effect on the consumer's section
- Elaborate more on the roles that PBMs play in the economy
  - How do PBMs affect drug pricing for patients/customers
- add to the net effect on consumers section how do PBMs affect net profits
Add to the business practice section and explain how they can lead to increased drug prices.
Add information about how PBMs directly affect health and customer access to drugs.
Add sources to reference page