User:Crystaross95/sandbox

Finalize Wikipedia Article, April 23

Relationships among risks, resilience, hazard mitigation, and climate change adaptation

To do:

• create citations
• add two more sentences with info from different articles
• find a good place for this image and explain it within the text
• address all of Dr. Stine's suggestions
• add links to other articles
• add links to my article within other articles

Start Moving Work to Mainspace, April 18

Chosen article: Climate change adaptation

Principles for effective policy

If regulatory policies are created based on the latest climate science, they can be a tool for implementing an adaptive framework to a region. Adaptive policy can occur at the global, national, or local scale, with outcomes dependent on the political will in that area. Scheraga and Grambsch identify 9 fundamental principles to be considered when designing adaptation policy.[citation from orig article]

1. The effects of climate change vary by region.
2. The effects of climate change may vary across demographic groups.
3. Climate change poses both risks and opportunities.
4. The effects of climate change must be considered in the context of multiple stressors and factors, which may be as important to the design of adaptive responses as the sensitivity of the change.
5. Adaptation comes at a cost.
6. Adaptive responses vary in effectiveness, as demonstrated by current efforts to cope with climate variability.
7. The systemic nature of climate impacts complicates the development of adaptation policy.
8. Maladaptation can result in negative effects that are as serious as the climate-induced effects that are being avoided.
9. Many opportunities for adaptation make sense whether or not the effects of climate change are realized

Scheraga and Grambsch make it clear that climate change policy is impeded by the high level of variance surrounding climate change impacts as well as the diverse nature of the problems they face.

Adaptation can mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change, but it will incur costs and will not prevent all damage. The IPCC points out that many adverse effects of climate change are not changes in the average conditions, but changes in the variation or the extremes of conditions. For example, the average sea level in a port might not be as important as the level during a storm (which causes flooding); the average rainfall in an area might not be as important as how frequent and severe droughts become. Additionally, effective adaptive policy can be difficult to implement because policymakers are rewarded more for enacting short-term change, rather than long-term planning. [cite Rosenbaum] Since the impacts of climate change are generally not seen in the short-term, this means that policymakers have less incentive to act upon those potential outcomes. Furthermore, these problems (both the causes and effects of climate change) are occurring on a global scale, but it can be difficult to enforce policy goals on a global scale. For now, adaptation policies must be enacted on a smaller regional or local scale to gain enough support to survive. [cite Urwin]

**I still have some more additions and edits that I would like to make, so for now I am only moving the portions that I consider adequately polished for the Wikipedia mainspace

Edit Draft in Response to Peer Reviews, April 16

Principles for effective policy

If regulatory policies are created based on the latest climate science, they can be a tool for implementing an adaptive framework to a region. Adaptive policy can occur at the global, national, or local scale, with outcomes dependent on the political will in that area. Scheraga and Grambsch identify 9 fundamental principles to be considered when designing adaptation policy.[citation from orig article]

1. The effects of climate change vary by region.
2. The effects of climate change may vary across demographic groups.
3. Climate change poses both risks and opportunities.
4. The effects of climate change must be considered in the context of multiple stressors and factors, which may be as important to the design of adaptive responses as the sensitivity of the change.
5. Adaptation comes at a cost.
6. Adaptive responses vary in effectiveness, as demonstrated by current efforts to cope with climate variability.
7. The systemic nature of climate impacts complicates the development of adaptation policy.
8. Maladaptation can result in negative effects that are as serious as the climate-induced effects that are being avoided.
9. Many opportunities for adaptation make sense whether or not the effects of climate change are realized

Scheraga and Grambsch make it clear that climate change policy is impeded by the high level of variance surrounding climate change impacts as well as the diverse nature of the problems they face.

Adaptation can mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change, but it will incur costs and will not prevent all damage. The IPCC points out that many adverse effects of climate change are not changes in the average conditions, but changes in the variation or the extremes of conditions. For example, the average sea level in a port might not be as important as the level during a storm (which causes flooding); the average rainfall in an area might not be as important as how frequent and severe droughts become. Additionally, effective adaptive policy can be difficult to implement because policymakers are rewarded more for enacting short-term change, rather than long-term planning. [cite Rosenbaum] Since the impacts of climate change are generally not seen in the short-term, this means that policymakers have less incentive to act upon those potential outcomes. Furthermore, these problems (both the causes and effects of climate change) are occurring on a global scale, but it can be difficult to enforce policy goals on a global scale. For now, adaptation policies must be enacted on a smaller regional or local scale to gain enough support to survive. [cite Urwin]

Some other changes I am considering: I will look into editing the considerations section of the original article as well as finding ways to decrease the article's overall length, per Marijne's suggestions.

Edit Wiki Topic, April 11

Section being edited:

Principles for effective policy

Regulatory policies can either promote or inhibit adaptive planning, depending on the policy. If climate change policies are created, they can be a tool for implementing an adaptive framework to a region. Adaptive policy can occur at the global, national, or local scale, with outcomes dependent on the political will in that area. Scheraga and Grambsch identify 9 fundamental principles to be considered when designing adaptation policy.[citation from orig article]

1. The effects of climate change vary by region.
2. The effects of climate change may vary across demographic groups.
3. Climate change poses both risks and opportunities.
4. The effects of climate change must be considered in the context of multiple stressors and factors, which may be as important to the design of adaptive responses as the sensitivity of the change.
5. Adaptation comes at a cost.
6. Adaptive responses vary in effectiveness, as demonstrated by current efforts to cope with climate variability.
7. The systemic nature of climate impacts complicates the development of adaptation policy.
8. Maladaptation can result in negative effects that are as serious as the climate-induced effects that are being avoided.
9. Many opportunities for adaptation make sense whether or not the effects of climate change are realized

Scheraga and Grambsch make it clear that climate change policy is impeded by the high level of variance surrounding climate change impacts.

Adaptation can mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change, but it will incur costs and will not prevent all damage. The IPCC points out that many adverse effects of climate change are not changes in the average conditions, but changes in the variation or the extremes of conditions. For example, the average sea level in a port might not be as important as the level during a storm (which causes flooding); the average rainfall in an area might not be as important as how frequent and severe droughts become. Additionally, effective adaptive policy can be difficult to implement because policymakers are rewarded more for enacting short-term change, rather than long-term planning. [cite Rosenbaum] [how does this impact policy?]

[examples of policies and their acceptance/results]

Finalize Wiki Topic, April 4

Chosen article: Climate change adaptation

My contribution: This article has undergone several changes this year, so my plan is to start by reading through it thoroughly to see if those updates have eliminated any of the problems with the article that have been flagged by Wikipedia at the top of the article's page. After making cursory edits to the entire article, I will then find strategic places for me to add new information to keep the article up to date. I specifically plan on adding information about how public policy can influence climate change adaptation by using a few case studies that demonstrate this idea and citing papers that have studied the connections between the two. If I find enough data then I may even create a new subsection either on public policy constraints or challenges to adaptation, which would include the failures of public policy.

Potential Sources:

• https://www.kingborough.tas.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Policy-6.11-Climate-Change-Adaptation-Policy.pdf
• http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.452.9748&rep=rep1&type=pdf
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378007000611
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378004000901
• https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-3010-5_12
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378004000779
• http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0308518x17694029

Wiki Topics, April 2

Potential articles to edit:

• American Society of Civil Engineers
  • ASCE is a lobbying organization, so it is relevant to environmental policy
  • the article goes into detail about the history of ASCE, including past controversies
  • I could add more information to the section on the institutes in ASCE as well as a section about the Infrastructure Report Card

• Climate change adaptation
  • this is a good article to work on because it is listed as having multiple issues
  • it is short and does not provide a comprehensive overview of the topic; there is much room for improvement
• Water resources
  • this article talks about water resources from a very general sense
  • I could add information about climate change and urban water systems

Article Evaluation

Article chosen: bioswale

• very short article
• categories do not seem to flow into one another
• there are important elements of bioswales that are missing
• some typos
• the article is of interest to several other WikiProjects and was used as a class assignment in 2014
• can't find a rating on the talk page
• several examples of poor grammar
• missing citations in some paragraphs
• sums up key benefits/ uses of bioswales well in the introduction
• good references are included
• this article needs
  • more subsections
  • more references
  • more examples
  • more images
  • editing for spelling/grammar

Article Addition

Article chosen: bioswale

Original: "Bioswales are useful low-impact development work to decrease the velocity of stormwater runoff while removing pollutants from the discharge. They are extremely beneficial in protecting surface water and local waterways from excessive pollution from stormwater runoff. The longer the runoff stays within the bioswale, the better the pollutant removal outcome."

Update: Bioswales are a form of low-impact development (LID) and are considered a best management practice (BMP) for treating stormwater because of the ratio of the costs, in terms of money, time, and maintenance, relative to the many benefits they provide. These benefits include the ability they have to decrease the velocity and volume of stormwater runoff by allowing water to be retained in a green space. The water can then seep into the groundwater or into a pipe beneath the bioswale at the infiltration rate of the soil that is used. They essentially serve the same purpose as a gutter by getting water out of roadways, but they do so in a way that capitalizes on ecosystem services to provide several co-benefits. The native plants they incorporate promote some wildlife habitation and the bioswale naturally removes pollutants from the stormwater through plant uptake and natural filtering. Bioswales are designed to infiltrate water slowly in order to maximize the pollutant removal, which means that they may flood during large storm events and become far less effective. It is important to remove as many pollutants as possible from stormwater because those pollutants have devastating impacts on aquatic ecosystems when they enter surface waters. For example, the copper that comes off of automobile tires can render some fish defenseless when ingested because it adheres to their olfactory glands and leaves them with an impaired sense of smell. As long as they are properly maintained, bioswales can improve the stormwater management in an area.

bold text is great