User:Creuzbourg/sandbox2
Appearance
Creuzbourg
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/200px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png)
Times of commotion
[edit]“ | In times of such commotion as present, while the passions of men are worked up to an uncommon pitch, there is great danger of fatal extremes. The same state of the passions which fits the multitude, who has not the sufficient stock of reason and knowledge to guide them, for opposition to tyranny and oppression, very naturally leads to a contempt and disregard of all authority. The due medium is hardly to be found among the more intelligent. It is almost impossible among the unthinking populace. When the mind of these are loosened from their attachment to ancient establishments and courses, they seem to grow giddy and are apt more or less to run into anarchy. | ” |
— Alexander Hamilton, 1775. |
Contested elections
[edit]“ | In the excitement of contested elections and of party spirit, judgement becames the slave of the will - Men of intelligence, talents, and even of integrity upon other occasions surrender themselves up to their passions - Believe everything, with, without, or even against evidence, according as it suits their their own wishes. | ” |
— John Quincy Adams, 1827. |
Demagogues in Congress
[edit]“ | The demagogues in Congress disgrace the body and the country. Noisy and loud professions, with no useful policy or end, exhibit themselves daily. | ” |
— Gideon Welles, 1862. |
The greed and selfishness of Congressmen
[edit]“ | The contact with the greed and selfishness of Congressmen is unspeakably repulsive. The constant contact with envy, meanness, ignorance and the swinish selfishness which ignorance breeds needs a stronger heart and a more obedient nervous system than I can boast. | ” |
— John Hay, 1881. |
Bot
[edit]Fowls
[edit]Water
[edit]Scandinavian | English | Old English | Icelandic, German, French | Medieval Latin |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lómr, Lom | Loon | Loom, Lumme | Himbrimi, Taucher, Plongeon1682 | Mergus |
Dopping | Grebe1766 | Dopfugel | Goði, Taucher, Grèbe1557 | Mergulus |
Hegri, Häghri, Häger | Heron1300 | Hrāgra | Hegri, Reiher, Héron/Hairon1150 | Ardea, Herodius |
Storkr, Stork | Stork | Storc | Storch, Cigogne1113 | Ciconia, Cigonia |
Gás, Gås | Goose | Gōs | Gæs, Gans, Bernache/Oie1175 | Anser |
Svanr, Svan | Swan | Swan | Svan, Schwann, Cygne/Cisne1170 | Olor |
Alpt, Ǫlpt, Emt, Svan | Whooper, Hooper1556, Elk1552 | Ylfete, Elfete | Álft | Cignus |
Ǫnd, And | Duck | Ened | Önd, Ente, Canard1199 | Anas |
Æþar, Æðr, Ejder | Eider | ´ | Æður, Eiderente, Eider/Edre1260 | |
Skrake, stor | Goosander, Merganser1752 | Gulönd, Gänseäger, Harle/Herle1290 | Mergus, Merganser1550 |
Raptors
[edit]Scandinavian | English | Old English | Icelandic, German, French | Medieval Latin |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gióðr, Giuþer, Fiskgjuse | Osprey1450 | Herefong | Gjóður, Fischadler, Balbuzard1770 | Ossifragus Lammergeier |
Vákr, Vråk | Buzzard1300 | Tysċa, Wrocc? | Vok, Bussard1500 (BūsantMHD/ MūsarMHD/MūsaroAHD) Buse1460 |
Buteo |
Gleða, Glada | Kite | Cȳta, Glede/Glida, Frysca | Milan1700/Weihe/WīoAHD, Milan1500 | Milvus |
Haukr, Höker, Hök | Hawk, Hauk1300 Havek1200 | Heafoc | Haukur, Habicht/HabuhAHD, Autour/Épervier (Hostur1100/Esprever1100) | Accipiter |
Örn | Erne, Eagle1450 | Earn | Örn, Adler1100/AarAHD, Aigle/EgleOF | Aquila |
Valr, Falkr, Falker, Falk | Falcon1350 | Fealca | Fálki, Falke/FalkoAHD, Faucon/Falcun1100 | Falco |
Falconry
[edit]English | French | German | Medieval Latin | Scandinavian | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gyrfalcon gerfalcon 1200 |
girfauc Faucon gerfaut girfaus 1180 |
Gerfalke/Jagdfalke | Jaktfalk | ![]() | |
Peregrine 1550 | faulcon pelerin 1250 Faucon pèlerin |
Wanderfalke | falco peregrinus | Pilgrimsfalk | ![]() |
Hobby | Faucon hobereau 1377 hoberel 1195 |
Baumfalke | Lärkfalk | ![]() | |
Kestrel castrell 1400 windhover 1670 |
cresserele 1200 crécelle <1200 Faucon crécerelle |
Turmfalke | Tornfalk | ![]() | |
Merlin ~1375 | esmerillon 1165 émerillon Faucon émerillon |
*smiril Frankiska smerlo/smiril AHD Merlin/Schmerl(in) |
Stenfalk Smyrill |
![]() |
Geese
[edit]Army size
[edit]Size of European armies 1630-1710
[edit]State | Size | ~~1475 | ~~1555 | ~~1595 | ~1630 | ~1650 | ~1710 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Denmark–Norway | 1.3 [1] | .. | .. | .. | 30-40 [2] | 35 [3] | 53 [2] |
Sweden-Finland | 1.1 [1] | .. | .. | 15 [4] | 45 [4] | 70 [4] | 100 [4] |
Brandenburg-Prussia | 0.5 [5] | .. | .. | .. | 12 [6] | 8 [7] | 40 [8] |
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | 11 [9] | .. | .. | .. | 17 [10] | 53 [11] | 50 [11] |
100* [11] | |||||||
Tsardom of Russia | 15 [12] | .. | .. | .. | 45 [4] | 92 [6] | 170 [4] |
Kingdom of England | 4.7 [13] | 25[4] | 20[4] | 30 [4] | . . | 70 [4] | 87 [4] |
Dutch Republic | 1.5 [14] | .. | .. | 20[4] | 70 [15] | 30 [15] | 120 [15] |
Kingdom of France | 18 [16] | 40[4] | 50[4] | 45 [4] | 80 [15] | 100 [15] | 340-380 [15] |
Habsburg Monarchy | 8 [17] | .. | .. | .. | 100 [18] | 20-24 [17] | 110-130 [17] |
Crown of Castile Crown of Aragon |
7 [16] | 20[4] | 155[4] | 200 [4] | 300 [4] | 100 [4] | 50 [4] |
Ottoman Empire | 18 [19] | .. | .. | .. | 40** [20] | 50** [20] | 50** [20] |
* All Polish forces, on both sides in the Great Northern War. | ** Janissaries only. |
Ottoman Army
[edit]Year | Yaya & Musellem | Azab | Akıncı | Timarli Sipahi | (Total) Timarli Sipahi & Cebelu | Janissary | Kapikulu Sipahi | Other Kapikulu | (Total) Kapikulu | Fortress guards, Martalos and Navy | Sekban | Nizam-ı Cedid | Total Strength of Ottoman Army |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1350 | 1,000 est. | 1,000 est. | 3,500 est. | 200 est. | 500 est. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6,000 est. |
1389 | 4,000 est. | 8,000 est. | 10,000 est. | 5,000 est. | 10,000 est. | 500 est. | 250 est. | 250 est. | 1,000 est. | 4,000 est. | - | - | 37,000 est. |
1402 | 8,000 est. | 15,000 est. | 10,000 est. | 20,000 est. | 40,000 est. | 1,000 est. | 500 est. | 500 est. | 2,000 est. | 6,000 est. | - | - | 81,000 est. |
1453 | 8,000 est. | 15,000 est. | 10,000 est. | 20,000 est. | 40,000 est. | 6,000[21] | 2,000 est. | 4,000 est. | 12,000 est. | 9,000 est. | - | - | 94,000 est. |
1528 | 8,180[22] | 20,000 est. | 12,000[22] | 37,741[22] | 80,000 est. | 12,000 est. | 5,000 est. | 7,000 est. | 24,146[22] | 23,017[22] | - | - | 105,084 – 167,343 est. |
1574 | 8,000 est. | 20,000 est. | 15,000 est. | 40,000 est. | 90,000 est. | 13,599[23] | 5,957[23] | 9,619[23] | 29,175[23] | 30,000 est. | - | - | 192,175 est. |
1607/ 1609 |
[1] | [2] | [3] | 44,404 (1607)[24] 50,000 est. (1609) | 105,339 (1607)[24] 137,000 (1609)[25] | 37,627 (1609)[26] | 20,869 (1609)[23] | 17,372 (1609)[23] | 75,868 (1609)[23] | 25,000 est. | 10,000 est. | - | 196,207–247,868 est. |
1670 | [1] | [2] | [3] | 22,000 est. | 50,000 est. | 39,470[23] | 14,070[23] | 16,756[23] | 70,296[23] | 25,000 est. | 10,000 est. | - | 70,296- 155,296 est. |
1807 | [1] | [2] | [3] | 400 est. | 1,000 est. | 15,000 est. | 500 est. | 500 est. | 16,000 est. | 15,000 est. | 10.000 est. | 25,000[27] | 25,000–67,000 est. |
1826 | [1] | [2] | [3] | 400 est. | 1,000 est. | 15,000 est. | 500 est. | 500 est. | 16,000 est. | 15,000 est. | 15,000 est. | - | 47,000 est. |
Notes
[edit]- ^ (Yaya & Musellem) Yaya, light infantry, Musellem, light cavalry, over time they lost their original martial qualities and were employed only at such tasks as transportation or founding cannonballs. The organisation was totally abolished in 1582.[28]
- ^ (Azab) light infantry, during the last quarter of the 16th century, the Azabs disappeared from the Ottoman documentary record.[29]
- ^ (Akıncı) light cavalry, the Akıncıs continued to serve until 1595 when after a major rout in Wallachia they were dissolved by Grand Vezir Koca Sinan Paşa.[30]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Ladewig-Petersen, E. (1999). "Nyt om trediveårskrigen." Historisk Tidsskrift., p. 101.
- ^ a b Petersen, Nikolaj Pilgård (2002). Hærstørrelse og fortifikationsudvikling i Danmark-Norge 1500-1720. Aarhus universitet: Universitetsspeciale i historie, pp. 11, 43-44.
- ^ "Militærets udvikling." danmarkshistorien. Retrieved 2016-12-28
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Parker, Geoffrey (1976). "The ’Military Revolution’, 1560-1660 – a myth?". Journal of modern history, vol. 48, p. 206.
- ^ "Population of Germany." Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-28
- ^ a b Nolan, Cathal J. (2006). The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650. London: Greenwood Press, vol. 2, p. 620, 852.
- ^ Kotulla, Michael (2008). Einführung in die deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte. Berlin: Springer, p. 267.
- ^ Craig, Gordon A. (1964). The Politics of the Prussian Army: 1640–1945. London: Oxford University Press, p. 7.
- ^ "Population of Central Europe." Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-28
- ^ Augustyniak, Urszula (2004). W służbie hetmana i Rzeczypospolitej. Klientela wojskowa Krzysztofa Radziwiłła. Warsaw: Semper.
- ^ a b c Nolan, Cathal J. (2008), Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650-1715. London: Greenwood Press, pp. 368-369.
- ^ "Population of Eastern Europe." Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-28
- ^ "Population of the British Isles." Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-28
- ^ "The Netherlands." Population statistics. Retrieved 2016-12-28
- ^ a b c d e f Glete, Jan (2002). War and the State in Early Modern Europe. London : Routledge, p. 156.
- ^ a b "Population of Western Europe." Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-28
- ^ a b c Hochedlinger, Michael (2003). Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683-1797. London: Routledge, p. 26, 102.
- ^ Creveld, Martin van (2004 ). Supplying War. Cambridge University Press, p. 5.
- ^ "Population of Eastern Balkans." Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-28
- ^ a b c Ágoston, Gabor (2010), "Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry and military transformation." In: Tallet, Frank & Trim, D.B.J. (eds.). European Warfare, 1350–1750. Cambridge University Press, p. 128.
- ^ Teaching world civilization with joy and enthusiasm, Benjamin Lee Wren, page 146
- ^ a b c d e An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Halil İnalcik, page 89
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ottoman warfare, 1500–1700, Rhoads Murphey, page 45
- ^ a b History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Stanford J. Shaw, page 127
- ^ Ottoman warfare, 1500–1700, Rhoads Murphey, page 42
- ^ Guild dynamics in seventeenth-century Istanbul: fluidity and leverage, Eunjeong Yi, page 134
- ^ The state at war in South Asia, Pradeep Barua, page 57
- ^ An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Halil İnalcik , page 92, 1997
- ^ Mesut Uyar, Edward J. Erickson, A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk, Pleager Security International, ISBN 978-0-275-98876-0, 2009, p. 62.
- ^ History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Stanford J. Shaw, page 129