User:Codrinb/sandbox/Timeline of Cluj-Napoca

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

Prior to 11th century

• c.850-900 - Gelou, "a certain Vlach" and "prince of the Vlachs", is ruling in Transylvania, the Gesta Hungarorum mention indicating that the Vlachs were considered the dominant Transylvanian population.
• c.895–902 - Magyars (Hungarians) commence the conquest of the Carpathian Basin defeating and conquering the lands of Menumorut and later Gelou
• c.902-950 - the area falls under the rule of Tuhutum (Tétény) and his descendants (within newly formed Principality of Hungary)
• 1000 - the area becomes part of the Kingdom of Hungary, as Stephen I of Hungary is crowned as the first king and adopts Christianity

11th century

• 1080s-1090s - Kolozsmonostor Abbey is established as first Benedictine monastery in Transylvania by Ladislaus I of Hungary

12th century

• 1111-1113 - Mercurius, a distinguished nobleman who held the office during the reign of Coloman, King of Hungary (1095–1116) , is mentioned in two royal charters as "princeps Ultrasilvanus" (perhaps the first known voivode of Transylvania)
• 1143 - The colonization of Transylvania by Germans commences under the reign of King Géza II of Hungary (1141–1162)
• 1173 - Clus as a county name is recorded for the first time, in a document which mentions Thomas comes Clusiensis
• 1178 - Site "colonized" by newly arrived "Saxons".

13th century

• 1213 - The first written mention of the city's current name – as a Royal Borough – under the Medieval Latin name Castrum Clus.
• 1241 - City and Kolozsmonostor Abbey are destroyed during First Mongol invasion of Hungary
• 1246 - The first recording for the Hungarian form Kolozsvár (uar / vár means "castle" in Hungarian).
• 1275 - In a document of King Ladislaus IV of Hungary, the village (Villa Kulusvar) is granted to the Bishop of Transylvania.
• 1285-1286 - Second Mongol invasion of Hungary

14th century

• 1316
  • August 19: King Charles I of Hungary grants the status of a city (Latin: civitas), as a reward for the Saxons' contribution to the defeat of the rebellious Transylvanian voivode, Ladislaus Kán.
  • Groundbreaking for the St. Michael's Church
• 1332 - The first appearance of the Hungarian form Koloswar, as it underwent various phonetic changes over the years.
• 1348 - First usage of the Saxon name of Clusenburg/Clusenbvrg appeared.
• 1349 - A document signed by the archbishop of Avignon and fifteen other bishops grants the indulgence for those contributing to the illumination and furniture of the St. Michael's Church.
• 1390 - The altar of St. Michael's Church is inaugurated.

15th century

• 1405 - Through the privileges granted by Sigismund of Luxembourg, Cluj becomes a royal free city, is opting out from the jurisdiction of voivodes, vice-voivodes and royal judges, and obtains the right to elect a twelve-member jury every year.
• 1408 - First mention of the Saxon form Clausenburg.
• 1432 - St. Michael's Church is completed.
• 1443 - 23 February: - Matthias Corvinus, future King of Hungary is born in Cluj
• 1481 - First record of the presence of Jews living in Cluj.

16th century

• 1511-1545 - Tower of St. Michael's Church is built.
• 1541 - City stays in Eastern Hungarian Kingdom after the Ottoman Turks occupied the central part of the Kingdom of Hungary.
• 1543 - Bonțida Bánffy Castle built near city.
• 1550 - Printing press established by Gáspár Heltai.
• 1565 - Witch trials begin.
• 1568 - Unitarian Church of Transylvania is founded by Dávid Ferenc, who was previously a Catholic priest, later a Lutheran one and then a Calvinist bishop
• 1570 - City becomes part of the independent Principality of Transylvania, established through the Treaty of Speyer
• 1572 - Filstich Wolf House built in Big Market Square.
• 1581 - Gymnasium (school) founded.
• 1593 - Witch trials end, with thirteen people being burned.

17th century

• 1615 - Witch-hunt starts.
• 1629 - Witch-hunt ends.
• 1695 - Hungarian Szakácskönyv (cookbook) published.
• 1699 - City becomes part of the Habsburg Monarchy per Treaty of Karlowitz.

18th century

• 1715 - Construction of the Citadel begins.
• 1785
  • Bánffy Palace built.
  • Gherla Prison begins operating in vicinity.
• 1790 - City becomes capital of the Grand Principality of Transylvania.
• 1792 - Hungarian Theatre founded.
• 1798 - Large parts of the city destroyed by fire.

19th century

• 1803 - Bob Church consecrated.
• 1812 - Reduta Palace built.
• 1828 - Josika Palace expanded.
• 1829 - Evangelical-Lutheran Church built.
• 1830s - Népkertnek Park (Central Park) opens.
• 1845 - Town Hall built.
• 1848 - 25 December: City taken by Hungarian forces.
• 1869 - Institute of Agronomic Studies founded.
• 1870
  • Railway to Budapest begins operating.
  • Population: 26,382.
• 1872 - Franz Joseph University and Botanical Garden founded.
• 1880 - Population: 29,923 (70% of Hungarian ethnicity).
• 1887 - Neolog Synagogue built.
• 1890 - Population: 32,739.
• 1895 - New York Café built.
• 1900 - Population: 46,670.

20th century

• 1902
  • Palace of Justice built.
  • Matthias Corvinus Monument unveiled in Big Market Square.
• 1906 - Cluj-Napoca National Theatre opens.
• 1907 - CFR Cluj (football club) formed.
• 1910 - Hungarian Theatre of Cluj building constructed.
• 1911 - Ion Moina Stadium opens.
• 1913 - Sebestyén Palace built in Big Market Square.
• 1918
  • 1 December: Union of Transylvania with Romania is declared
  • 24 December: City taken by Romanian forces; Hungarian rule ends.
• 1919
  • Iulian Pop becomes the first Romanian mayor.
  • U Cluj football club formed.
  • Gheorghe Dima Music Academy founded.
• 1920
  • Based on the Treaty of Trianon, Cluj becomes part of the Kingdom of Romania.
  • Population: 85,509.
• 1921 - 28 September: Capitoline Wolf Statue, a gift from Italy to Romania as a symbol for its Latinity, unveiled in Unirii Square.
• 1922 - Ethnographic Museum of Transylvania founded.
• 1925 - Fine Arts School founded.
• 1930
  • Greek Catholic Diocese of Cluj-Gherla established.
  • Population: 100,844.
• 1933 - Dormition of the Theotokos Cathedral (Romanian Orthodox) built.
• 1934 - Goldmark Jewish Symphonic Orchestra founded.
• 1940 - City becomes part of Hungary again.
• 1944
  • 27 March: City occupied by German forces.
  • 25 May: Deportation of Jews begins.
  • 11 October: City captured by Romanian and Soviet forces; Hungarian rule ends.
• 1948
  • Protestant Theological Institute established.
  • Population: 117,915.
• 1966 - Population: 185,663 (56% of Romanian ethnicity; 42% of Hungarian ethnicity).
• 1968 - Echinox literary magazine begins publication.
• 1973 - CFR Cluj Stadium opens.
• 1974
  • City renamed to "Cluj-Napoca".
  • Population: 218,703.
• 1989 - December: Romanian Revolution.
• 1992
  • Gheorghe Funar becomes mayor.
  • Population: 328,602 (75% of Romanian ethnicity).
• 1994 - Association for Interethnic Dialogue established in Cluj.

21st century

• 2001 - Peace Action, Training and Research Institute of Romania (PATRIR) founded.
• 2004 - Emil Boc becomes mayor.
• 2008
  • Sorin Apostu becomes mayor.
  • Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area created.
• 2011 - Population: 324,576 city; 411,379 metro.
• 2012 - Emil Boc becomes mayor again.
• 2016 - Emil Boc becomes mayor yet again.

See also

• History of Cluj-Napoca
• Historical chronology of Cluj (in Romanian)
• Napoca (castra)
• Roman Dacia
• List of mayors of Cluj-Napoca
• List of places in Cluj-Napoca
• Other names of Cluj-Napoca
• Timeline of Romanian history

Sources

Primary sources

• Anonymus, Notary of King Béla (c. 1200). Gesta Hungarorum [The Deeds of the Hungarians] (in Medieval Latin).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

• Bak, János M; Rady, Martyn C; Veszprémy, László, eds. (2010). Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians. Central European Medieval Texts. Budapest, New York: Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-9776-95-1. Retrieved 9 September 2018.

Secondary sources

• Brubaker, Rogers; Feischmidt, Margit; Fox, Jon; Grancea, Liana (2006). Brubaker, Rogers (ed.). Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town. Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12834-4. Retrieved 9 September 2018.

• Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks (illustrated ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4. Retrieved 9 September 2018. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

• Keul, István (2009). Early Modern Religious Communities in East-Central Europe: Ethnic Diversity, Denominational Plurality, and Corporative Politics in the Principality of Transylvania (1526-1691). Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions: History, Culture, Religion, Ideas (illustrated ed.). Leiden, Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17652-2. Retrieved 9 September 2018. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

• Lazarovici, Gheorghe (1997). Cluj-Napoca: inima Transilvaniei [Cluj-Napoca: the heart of Transylvania] (in Romanian and summary in English). Cluj-Napoca: Studia. ISBN 978-973-97555-0-4. Retrieved 9 September 2018. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

• Macartney, Carlile Aylmer (2008). The Magyars in the Ninth Century (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-08070-5. Retrieved 9 September 2018. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

• "Peace Action, Training and Research Institute of Romania (PATRIR)". ethz.ch: Center for Security Studies, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich. 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.

• Pop, Ioan-Aurel (1996). Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th century: The Genesis of the Transylvanian Medieval State. Bibliotheca rerum Transsilvaniae. Cluj-Napoca: Romanian Cultural Foundation, Center for Transylvanian Studies. ISBN 978-973-577-037-2. Retrieved 9 September 2018. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Tertiary sources

• Benkő, Elek (1994). "Kolozsmonostor". In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc (eds.). Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9–14. század) [Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th–14th centuries)] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 363–364. ISBN 978-963-056-722-0. Retrieved 9 September 2018. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

• "Biserica Romano-Catolica Sf.Mihail - Cluj-Napoca" [St. Michael's Roman Catholic Church - Cluj-Napoca] (in Romanian). ghidvideoturistic.ro: Ghid Video Turistic. PhantomMedia. 2013. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

• Bóna, István (1994). "The Hungarian–Slav Period (895–1172)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 109–177. ISBN 978-963-056-703-9. Retrieved 9 September 2018. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

• Carey, Henry F., ed. (2004). Romania Since 1989: Politics, Economics, and Society. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-0592-4. Retrieved 10 September 2018. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1910). "Kolozsvár". Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition. Vol. 15–16 (11th ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. OL 7083162M. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
• "Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: Romania". katolsk.no: Oslo katolske bispedømme (Oslo Catholic Diocese). 19 March 2007. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
• "Cluj". The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. yivoencyclopedia.org: Yivo Institute for Jewish Research. 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2015.

• Davidson, Alan (2014). "Hungary". In Jaine, Tom (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford Companions (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-104072-6. Retrieved 10 September 2018. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

• "Demographic Yearbook 1975" (27th ed.). New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office. 1976: 253–279. OCLC 5157865. Retrieved 10 September 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• "Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich" [Court and State Handbook of the Austrian Empire]. Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich (in German). 1856 (5). Vienna: Kaiserlich-königlichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei. 1856. OCLC 894955555. Retrieved 9 September 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

• "Kolozsvár neve" [The name of Kolozsvár] (in Hungarian). szabadsag.ro: Szabadság. 4 August 2003. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

• Levack, Brian P., ed. (2013). Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America. Oxford Handbooks. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-164884-7. Retrieved 9 September 2018. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Magocsi, Paul Robert (2002). Historical Atlas of Central Europe. Heritage Collection (2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8486-6. Retrieved 10 September 2018. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Markó, László (2006). A magyar állam főméltóságai: Szent Istvántól napjainkig - Életrajzi Lexikon [The High Officers of the Hungarian State from Saint Stephen to the Present Days – A Biographical Encyclopedia] (in Hungarian) (2nd ed.). Budapest: Helikon Kiadó Kft. ISBN 978-963-208-970-6. Retrieved 9 September 2018. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Museum of Applied Arts (Budapest) (1882). "Magyaroszagi regi nyomtatvanyok 1473-1711" [Kolozsvar (Hungarian printing 1473-1711)]. In Csontosi, János (ed.). Kalauz az Orsz. Magy. Iparművészeti Muzeum részéről rendezett könyvkiállitáshoz [Guide to the Museum of Applied Arts] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Athenaeum. hdl:2027/nnc1.cu55628052. Retrieved 9 September 2018.

• "O istorie inedită a Clujului – Cetatea coloniștilor sași" [A unique history of Cluj - The fortress of the Saxon settlers] (in Romanian). clujnet.com: ReMARK ltd. 2004. Archived from the original on 30 January 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

• Sălăgean, Tudor (2006). "Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages (9th–14th Centuries AD)". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.). History of Romania: Compendium. Romanian Cultural Institute, Center for Transylvanian Studies. pp. 133–207. ISBN 978-973-7784-12-4. Retrieved 9 September 2018. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Seltzer, Leon E., ed. (1952). "Cluj". Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 421. OL 6112221M. Retrieved 10 September 2018. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

• "The Jewish Community of Cluj-Napoca". dbs.bh.org.il: The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.

External links

• Europeana. Items related to Cluj, various dates.
• Digital Public Library of America. Items related to Cluj, various dates

This article incorporates information from the Hungarian Wikipedia and Romanian Wikipedia.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.