User:Cierrabeck/sandboxannotatedbib

Module 6 - Final Paragraphs

The following paragraphs are proposed additions to the white meat page. The current wikipedia page does not have any mention on the effects white meat has on the body, and I feel that is an important topic to add.

Dietary Effects of White Meat

White meat is a significant dietary source of cholesterol, as cholesterol is an animal derived compound. Cholesterol can form a plaque on the artery walls, which begins the process of atherosclerosis. This can cause the opening of the artery to close, leading to a heart attack or stroke. Consuming a diet with all meat consumption coming from white meat is shown to reduce cholesterol level by 5%, while consuming a diet without any meat is shown to reduce cholesterol levels by 15-20% .

White meat does not have a significant effect on fat in the body. It has been determined that there is no correlation between abdominal obesity and white meat consumption . It has also been determined that a diet high in white meat does not affect the BMI, in contrast to a diet high in red meat that causes an increase in BMI . It has also been found that a white meat heavy diet leads to better fertility in women and better semen quality in men .

Conflicting to common claims, white meat does not increase risk of death due to major causes such as cancer, heart disease, respiratory disease, stroke, diabetes, infections, kidney disease, and liver disease. Red meat consumption has been shown to increase the risk of death for these major causes, causing a 26% increased risk. On the contrary, the highest level of white meat consumption studied decreased the mortality risk by 25% . Meat consumption, including white meat consumption, is shown to increase the risk of colorectal cancer .

Module 5 - Policy and Psychosocial Dimensions of your Nutrition Controversy

Association of White and Red Meat Consumption with General and Abdominal Obesity

This article discusses how red meat vs white meat consumption affects abdominal obesity in Iranian military families. This article was found on PsycINFO, classified under eating disorders. The study found that there is a significant association between red meat and abdominal obesity, while there is no association with white meat and abdominal obesity. Some strengths of the article include the large range of ages they examined for their study. However, some weaknesses include a small sample size and a demographically restricted sample size. It would be interesting to see this study applied to individuals of different backgrounds and geographical locations. This article does support my goal in demonstrating that white meat does not produce negative health effects and is a good element of a healthy diet.

Manipulating the symbolic meaning of meat to encourage greater acceptance of fruits and vegetables and less proclivity for red and white meat

This article discusses how a feeling of social responsibility and respect for nature influence meat consumption. This article was also found on PsycINFO, classified under Cognitive Processes. In the study conducted, they presented a treatment group with results from a study claiming that “people who endorse social hierarchy and human dominance over nature consume more red and white meat”. The study found that this treatment group decreased their consumption of red/white meat and increased their consumption of fruits and vegetables over a 3-week period. Some strengths are the utilization of a treatment group and a control group, and the range in participants chosen. One noticeable weakness of this article’s results is that they only apply to a specific portion of the group surveyed; the results did not apply to overweight individuals or individuals who are more confident in their diet choices. The results are presented in a way that appears generalized to the general population. This article contributes to the discussion on the moral effects of white meat consumption and less on the nutritional aspects, which is still something valuable to include in the wiki article.

Diet and fertility: a review

This article discusses how certain diets affect fertility in both males and females. The study found that a diet favoring poultry relates to better fertility in women and better semen quality in men. Some strengths of the article are the large sample size and the extensive fertility testing procedure. One strong weakness of the study related to my controversy is that white meat consumption is not the focus of the study, and was simply noted as an observation while testing for other factors, such as vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids. However, the findings from the study support my nutritional controversy by adding a benefit of white meat consumption.

Red meat consumption is linked to higher risk of death from most major causes

This article discusses how red meat vs white meat consumption affect the likelihood of dying from most major causes, including cancer, heart disease, respiratory disease, stroke, diabetes, infections, kidney disease, and liver disease. The study found that overall red meat intake increased the risk of death due to the above causes, and the highest intake of white meat decreased the mortality risk by 25%. Some strengths of the study were large sample size and control of lifestyle factors. Some weaknesses were infrequent assessment of diets and only examining the diet at a certain point of the subjects life, and ignoring all dietary habits before the survey began. The results of this study support my controversy that a white meat diet has increased health benefits by showing that white meat intake decreased the risk of all cause mortality.

Module 4-Studies on Nutritional Controversy

Comparison of the Effects of Lean Red Meat vs Lean White Meat on Serum Lipid Levels Among Free-living Persons With Hypercholesterolemia

This particular study examined the results of a lean red meat diet (LRM) vs a lean white meat diet (LWM) on serum lipids in individuals with hypercholesterolemia. The study found that the levels in individuals consuming LRM diets and LWM diets were almost identical, claiming that a LRM diet does not affect serum lipids any more than a LWM diet. A large strength of the study was the methodology used. The study began by studying a 4 week baseline for each of the 191 subjects, and then given a diet plan containing either LRM or LWM. After 4, 12, 20, 28, and 36 weeks, fasting serum lipid levels were checked and recorded. A possible weakness is that all patients studied already had hypercholesterolemia, and the study was not done on patients without a pre-existing condition. Since this study claims that recommendations to reduce red meat consumption and replace it with white meat consumption are incorrect, this study does not support my controversy regarding the positive health effects of white meat.

Association between total, processed, red and white meat consumption and all-cause, CVD and IHD mortality

This study examines the effect of different meat based diets on cardiovascular disease and ischemic heart disease mortality. The study found that primarily white meat diets resulted in lower mortalities from CVD, with inconclusive results from IHD. One large strength of this study is the extremely large sample size, with over one million individuals studied from all across the world. The study was also able to stratify results by sex. This study does include results that support my controversy, that there are positive health effects to a white meat diet.

Systematic Review of the Prospective Cohort Studies on Meat Consumption and Colorectal Cancer Risk

This study examined the effect of meat consumption on colorectal cancer. This article takes a meta-analysis approach, examining results from thirteen separate studies. The study's main goal was to examine claims that red meat is associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer. They determined that meat consumption in general does increase the risk of colorectal cancer, while heavy red meat consumption has a larger effect that heavy white meat consumption.

Associations among 25-year trends in diet, cholesterol and BMI from 140,000 observations in men and women in Northern Sweden

This study examined trends in diet correlated to serum cholesterol and body mass index over a 25 year period in Sweden. Some strengths of this study are the large and diverse sample size used and the length of time the study was carried out during. One result of the study was an increase in fat content for participants with heavier red meat consumption. Red meat consumption also resulted in higher serum cholesterol levels than white meat consumption. These two results help to support my controversy, that white meat has less negative health effects than red meat.