User:ChyranandChloe/Workshop 17
Some of my online notes. Source.[1]
Uses the four tier hierarchy explained in User:ChyranandChloe/Workshop 15. Major conclusions by the Surgeon general on the health effects of tobacco consumption and:
Sufficient
[edit]- Lung cancers, laryngeal cancers, oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers, esophageal cancers, pancreatic cancers, bladder and kidney cancers, cervical cancers, endometrial cancers, stomach cancers, and acute myeloid leukemia
- subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, stroke, abdominal aortic aneurysm
- acute respiratory illnesses
- smoking during pregnancy and a reduction of lung function in infants
- active smoking and impaired lung growth during childhood and adolescence
- early onset of lung function decline during late adolescence and early adulthood
- active smoking in adulthood and a premature onset of and an accelerated age-related decline in lung function
- respiratory symptoms in children and adolescents, including coughing, phlegm, wheezing, and dyspnea
- smoking and asthma-related symptoms
- all major respiratory symptoms among adults, including coughing, phlegm, wheezing, and dyspnea
- poor asthma control
- chronic obstructivepulmonary disease morbidity and mortality
- reduced fertility in women
- premature rupture of the membranes, placenta previa, and placental abruption
- maternal active smoking and a reduced risk for preeclampsia
- preterm delivery and shortened gestation.
- maternal active smoking and fetal growth restriction and low birth weight
- sudden infant death syndrome and maternal smoking during and after pregnancy
- diminished health status that may manifest as increased absenteeism from work and increased use of medical care services
- increased risks for adverse surgical outcomes related to wound healing and respiratory complications
- in postmenopausal women smoking, low bone density
- smoking and hip fractures
- nuclear cataract
- peptic ulcer disease in persons who are Helicobacter pylori positive
Suggestive
[edit]- colorectal cancers, prostate cancer, liver cancer
- acute respiratory infections among persons with preexisting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
- maternal smoking during pregnancy and an increase in the frequency of lower respiratory tract illnesses during infancy
- maternal smoking during pregnancy and an increased risk for impaired lung function in childhood and adulthood
- poorer prognosis for children and adolescents with asthma
- increased nonspecific bronchial hyper-responsiveness
- maternal active smoking and ectopic pregnancy
- maternal active smoking and spontaneous abortion
- maternal smoking and oral clefts
- In older men smoking and low bone density
- root-surface caries.
- erectile dysfunction.
- smoking cessation reduces the risk of nuclear opacity
- exudative (neovascular) age-related macular degeneration
- atrophic age-related macular degeneration
- ophthalmopa-thy associated with Graves’ disease
- risk of peptic ulcer complications, although this effect might be restricted to nonusers of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Inadequate
[edit]- Ovarian Cancer
- in people with asthma: acute asthma exacerbation
- physician-diagnosed asthma in childhood and adolescence
- asthma in adults
- lower machine-measured cigarette tar and a lower risk for cough and mucus hypersecretion
- idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
- sperm quality.
- maternal smoking and congenital malformations in general
- maternal smoking and physical growth and neurocognitive development of children.
- reduced bone density before menopause in women and in younger men
- fractures at sites other than the hip
- coronal dental caries
- glaucoma
- peptic ulcer disease in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug users or in those who are Helicobacter pylori negative
- treatment and recurrence of Helicobacter pylori-negative ulcers
Suggestive of no causal relationship
[edit]- adult brain cancer, breast cancer
- retinopathy in persons with diabetes