User:Cedarwaxwing25/Biomarker
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Ecotoxicology
[edit]Biomarkers are being used to identify the effects of water contamination on aquatic organisms. Benthic macro-invertebrates reside in the sediment on the bottoms of streams, which is where many contaminants settle. These organisms have high exposure to the contamination, which makes them good study species when detecting pollutant concentrations and pollution impacts on an ecosystem[1]. There are a variety of biomarkers within an aquatic organism that can be measured, depending on the contaminant or the response in question. There are also a variety of contaminants within water bodies. To analyze the impact of a pollutant on an organism, the biomarker must respond to a specific contaminant within a specific time frame or at a certain concentration[2]. The biomarkers used to detect pollution in aquatic organisms can be enzymatic or non-enzymatic[3][4].
Rachel Carson, the author of Silent Spring, raised the issue of using organochlorine pesticides and discussed the possible negative effects that said pesticides have on living organisms.[5] Her book raised ethical issues against chemical corporations that were controlling the general reception of the effect of pesticides on the environment, which pioneered the need for ecotoxicological studies. Ecotoxicologial studies could be considered the precursors to biomarker studies.[6] Biomarkers are used to indicate an exposure to or the effect of xenobiotics which are present in the environment and in organisms. The biomarker may be an external substance itself (e.g. asbestos particles or NNK from tobacco), or a variant of the external substance processed by the body (a metabolite) that usually can be quantified.
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[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Wang, Feiyue; Goulet, Richard R.; Chapman, Peter M. (2004-12). "Testing sediment biological effects with the freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca: the gap between laboratory and nature". Chemosphere. 57 (11): 1713–1724. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.07.050.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Rodrigues, Carolina; Guimarães, Laura; Vieira, Natividade (2019-08). "Combining biomarker and community approaches using benthic macroinvertebrates can improve the assessment of the ecological status of rivers". Hydrobiologia. 839 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1007/s10750-019-03991-7. ISSN 0018-8158.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Online Submission and Review for Science of the Total Environment". Science of The Total Environment. 329 (1): 1. 2004-08-15. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.06.001. ISSN 0048-9697.
- ^ Freitas, Rosa; Almeida, Ângela; Pires, Adília; Velez, Cátia; Calisto, Vânia; Schneider, Rudolf J.; Esteves, Valdemar I.; Wrona, Frederick J.; Figueira, Etelvina; Soares, Amadeu M. V. M. (2015-11-15). "The effects of carbamazepine on macroinvertebrate species: Comparing bivalves and polychaetes biochemical responses". Water Research. 85: 137–147. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.003. ISSN 0043-1354.
- ^ Carson R (2000). Silent spring. ISBN 978-0-14-118494-4. OCLC 934630161.
- ^ Amiard-Triquet C, Amiard JC, Rainbow PS, eds. (2016-04-19). Ecological Biomarkers. CRC Press. doi:10.1201/b13036. ISBN 978-0-429-11149-5.