User:Cdeemorris
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Signed language linguistics
[edit]Below are suggested revisions to specific pages and/or their corresponding sections. As of 4 Jan 2025, ref link tags have been removed for ease of copyediting and will be added back to the text at a later date.
New> American Sign Language#Writing systems
[edit]Although there is no well-established writing system for ASL,[1] written sign language dates back at least two centuries. One of the earliest records of a writing system for a sign language is in a 1825 publication by Roch-Ambroise Auguste Bébian, who was a French teacher of the deaf.[2]: 153 [3] However, any writing system for American Sign Language has remained in marginal use among the public.[2]: 154
It was not until the 1960, that linguists William Stokoe, Carl Croneberg, and Dorothy Casterline published a system for writing ASL, which has since come to be known as Stokoe notation. It was first introduced in a solo monograph by Stokoe in 1960,[4] which was followed by their group publication of A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles in 1965.[5] Their system is best described as a phonetic writing system rather than a phonemic one, due to each graphemes (letter, diacritic, punctuation) representing the value of each unique phonetic feature, namely: handshape, palm orientation, movement, and location. Despite several headwords in their Dictionary being written with an overt palm orientation, many academics have considered this feature to be absent from Stokoe notation due to a lack of its discussion in either publication.[6] Similarly, while not included for discussion in the group's 1965 Dictionary, Stokoe does include a discussion of nonmanual features in his 1960 monograph, noting their linguistic significance and suggesting the use of several graphemes, particularly for writing interrogative clauses. In modern evaluations of this system, some academics consider it be better suited for documentation of individual words, rather than for extended passages of text.[7]
By 1974, Valerie Sutton had also begun to modify her dance notation system in order to write Danish Sign Language.[2]: 154 [3] Over the next few years, Sutton and collaborators adapted and revised that system for ASL, and by the 1980s they had developed SignWriting.[3] According to some researchers, SignWriting is not a phonemic orthography and does not have a one-to-one mapping between written forms and individual phonological units (phoneme).[2]: 163 Perhaps best described as a iconic writing system, SignWriting now consists of more than 5000 distinct graphemes or glyphs and has been expanded to include multiple sign languages.[2]: 154 While writing ASL with any system is considered to have only marginal use by the public, SignWriting is perhaps the first to gain more widespread popularity, possibly owing to the fact that it has both print and electronic forms. Also in promoting its use, the SignWriting community has an open project on Wikimedia Labs to support its various projects on Wikimedia Incubator[8] and, in 2008, the ASL Wikipedia request was marked as eligible.[9] Started in 2013, the test ASL Wikipedia has at least 50 articles written using SignWriting. Likewise, SignWriting also became the first writing system for sign languages to be included in the Unicode Standard in 2015.[10]
Several additional writing systems for ASL have been developed over the decades, including SignFont, ASL-phabet, Si5s, and ASLwrite.[3]
There are also various notation systems in use, particularly for linguistic research and analysis. In addition to Stokoe notation, another widely used system is the Hamburg Notation System or HamNoSys, which was originally developed at the University of Hamburg for the analysis of German Sign Language in the 1980s.[2]: 155 [3] Based on Stokoe notation, HamNoSys has since expanded to about 200 graphemes to accommodate the writing of any sign language.[2]: 155 Phonological features are usually indicated with single symbols, though the group of features that make up a handshape is indicated collectively with one symbol.[2]: 155
Additionally, the system referred to as glossing is often used. For English-speaking audiences, ASL is often glossed using English words. Such glosses are typically all-capitalized and are arranged in ASL order. For example, the ASL sentence DOG NOW CHASE>IX=3 CAT, meaning "the dog is chasing the cat", uses NOW to mark ASL progressive aspect and shows ASL verbal inflection for the third person (>IX=3). However, glossing is not used to write the language for speakers of ASL.[1]
- ^ a b Supalla & Cripps (2011, ASL Gloss as an Intermediary Writing System)
- ^ a b c d e f g h van der Hulst & Channon (2010)
- ^ a b c d e "Writing History". Sign Language Dictionary. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
- ^ Stokoe, Jr., William C. (2005) [1960]. "Sign Language Structure: An Outline of the Visual Communication Systems of the American Deaf". Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education. 1 (1). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/deafed/eni001. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
- ^ Stokoe, William C.; Dorothy C. Casterline; Carl G. Croneberg. 1965. A dictionary of American sign languages on linguistic principles. Washington, DC: Gallaudet College Press
- ^ Battison, Robbin (1974). "Phonological Deletion in American Sign Language". Sign Language Studies. 5 (October): 1–19. doi:10.1353/sls.1974.0005. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
- ^ Armstrong, David F., and Michael A. Karchmer. "William C. Stokoe and the Study of Signed Languages." Sign Language Studies 9.4 (2009): 389-397. Academic Search Premier. Web. 7 June 2012.
- ^ "Test wikis of sign languages". incubator.wikimedia.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-10. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
- ^ "Request for ASL Wikipedia". meta.wikimedia.org. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
- ^ Everson, Michael; Slevinski, Stephen; Sutton, Valerie. "Proposal for encoding Sutton SignWriting in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 1 April 2013.