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Horpa Language

Other names: Bawang, Bopa, Danba, Daofu, Daofuhua, Dawu, Ergong, Geshitsa, Geshiza, Geshizahua, Hor, Huo’er, Hórsók, Nyagrong-Minyag, Pawang, Rgu, Western Gyarong, Western Jiarong, Xinlong-Muya, rTau, sTau（Chinese：道孚语)

Place: Sichuan Province, China

Horpa (Chinese: 道孚语 Daofu,爾龔語Ergong) (also named: Stau, Daofuhua) is a Rgyalrongic language, a branch of  the Qiangic languages of the Sino-Tibetan family. There are about 50,000 Horpa speakers in the northwestern Sichuan Province of China. The language has dialects (varieties of languages), such as the Shangzhai Horpa and Gexi Horpa (Sun 2013). Shangzhai Horpa (Puxi Shangzhai) is a dialect of the Horpa language with a single consistently non-syllabic causative prefix "s", which exerts pressure on the already elaborate onset system and triggers multiple phonological adjustments (Sun 2007). Gexi Horpa language not only has a split verbal agreement system as the Rgtalrongic language, but also presents a hybrid system involving a more intricate interplay of functional and syntactic factors (Sun 2013). The verbs in Rgtalrongic family have the traits of "person making" and "agreement", and Horpa language also illustrates a subtype of hierarchal agreement.

Stau is a another name for the Horpa lanague (Jacques et al. 2013). As a dialect of Rgtalrongic language, the Stau (Horpa) language follows some traits of the Tibetan language (Bradley 2012). As a variety of Qiangic language groups, Horpa has unique verb inflection and morphology, such as the strategy of inverting the aspiration feature in the formation of the past and progressive stem(s) (Sun 2000).

Bibliography

1. Sun, Jackson T. S. & Qianzi Tian. (2013). "Horpa Language in Xichuan Provice [Chinese: 川西霍爾語格西話動詞對協初探.]" Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 7.2. 221-241. Retrieved March 9, 2017 (http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/eip/FILES/publish/2014.12.30.885073.601434.pdf)
2. Sun, Jackson T. S. (2007). "Morphological causative formation in Shangzhai Horpa." Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics, 2(1): 211-232.Retrieved March 9, 2017 (http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/2405478x-90000031)
3. Sun, Jackson T. S., & Tian, Q. (2013). "Verb Agreement in Gexi Horpa." Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics, 7(2): 203-223. Retrieved March 9, 2017 (http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/2405478x-90000120)
4. Jacques, G., Yunfan Lai, Anton Antonov, & Lobsang Nima (2013). "Stau (Ergong, Horpa)." Retrieved March 9, 2017(http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/48024814/sketch-stau.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1488674149&Signature=GMxqKIaSyndPYPCA%2FUvRzFftbqw%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DSketch_of_Stau.pdf)
5. Gates, Jesse P. (2012). "Situ in situ: towards a dialectology of Jiāróng (rGyalrong)." Retrieved March 9, 2017 (http://www.academia.edu/2320850/Situ_in_situ_towards_a_dialectology_of_Ji%C4%81r%C3%B3ng_rGyalrong_  )
6. Wang, Stephen S. (1970). "Consonantal Clusters of Tibetan Loanwords in Stau." Monumenta Serica, 29(1): 631-658. Retrieved March 9, 2017 (http://www.jstor.org.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/stable/40725939)
7. Sun, Jackson T. S. (2000). "Stem alternations in Puxi verb inflection: toward validating the rGyalrongic subgroup in Qiangic." Language and linguistics, 1(2): 211-232. Retrieved March 9, 2017 ( http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/eip/FILES/publish/2007.9.19.78908937.38039.pdf)
8. Sun, Jackson T. S. (2000). "Parallelisms in the verb morphology of Sidaba rGyalrong and Lavrung in rGyalrongic." Language and linguistics, 1(1): 161-190. Retrieved March 9, 2017 ( http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/eip/files/publish/2007.9.19.80105226.4309271.pdf)
9. Jacques, G., Antonov, A., Yunfan, L., & Nima, L. (2014). "Person marking in Stau." Himalayan Linguistics, 13(2).Retrieved March 9, 2017 (http://escholarship.org/uc/item/9hr0h6hs#page-1)
10. Huang, Bufan. (1991). Horpa language [Chinese: 道孚语]. Beijing: Yanshan chubanshe [Chinese: 燕山出版社]
11. Sun, Jackson T. S. (2001). "Chinese: 論藏緬語族中的羌語支語言" Language and linguistics, 2(1): 157-181. Retrieved March 9, 2017(http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files/publication/j2001_1_06_7146.pdf)
12. Beyer, S. V. (1992). The classical Tibetan language. SUNY Press. Retrieved March 9, 2017 (https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=L09yvr4VgHcC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=horpa+language&ots=4ZNF0au4F3&sig=yJ0wYY_rGGRUrD0w5E2mUDZTkmM#v=onepage&q=horpa%20language&f=false)
13. Sun, Hongkai. 2013. Tibeto-Burman languages of eight watersheds [八江流域的藏缅语]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press.
14. Bradley, David. 2012. "Tibeto-Burman Languages of China." Encyclopedia of Chinese Languages and Linguistics. Retrieved March 9, 2017( https://www.academia.edu/2205530/Tibeto-Burman_languages_of_China)