User:CapeVerdeWave/List of tornadoes in the 1985 United States–Canada tornado outbreak
Appearance
On May 30–31, 1985, a violent tornado outbreak occurred around Lake Erie, with strong tornadoes touching down in Ohio, Ontario, and Pennsylvania. With a total of 44 tornadoes confirmed, including 14 in Ontario, it is the largest and most intense tornado outbreak ever to hit this region. The outbreak produced 9 storms of F4-F5 intensity, making it one of the most violent outbreaks since 1950.
Confirmed tornadoes
[edit]FU | F0 | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 13 | 16 | 10 | 13 | 8 | 1 | 61 |
May 30 event
[edit]F# | Location | County / Parish | State | Start coord. |
Time (UTC) | Path length | Max. width | Summary |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F0 | N of Dallas | Gregory | SD | 43°15′N 99°31′W / 43.25°N 99.52°W | 19:37–? | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) | 3 yards (2.7 m) | Brief tornado observed by civil defense. No damage was reported.[2][3] |
F0 | SW of Hurdsfield | Wells | ND | 47°21′N 100°02′W / 47.35°N 100.03°W | 19:55–? | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) | 10 yards (9.1 m) | Brief tornado observed. No damage was reported.[4][5] |
F2 | N of Wing | Burleigh | ND | 47°12′N 100°17′W / 47.2°N 100.28°W | 19:55–? | 0.5 miles (0.80 km) | 100 yards (91 m) | Tornado damaged roofing and other items. A shed and a garage were destroyed, and a truck was overturned as well. Losses totaled $25,000. Tornado researcher Thomas P. Grazulis did not list the tornado as an F2 or stronger.[4][6][7] |
F0 | NNW of Bay Horse | Powder River | MT | 45°11′N 105°36′W / 45.18°N 105.6°W | 20:00–? | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) | 3 yards (2.7 m) | Brief tornado destroyed a few old structures, downed fences, and uprooted several trees. Losses totaled $2,500.[8][9] |
F0 | S of Denhoff | Sheridan | ND | 47°24′N 100°16′W / 47.4°N 100.27°W | 20:12–? | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) | 10 yards (9.1 m) | Brief tornado reported. No damage occurred.[4][10] |
F0 | NE of Wing | Burleigh | ND | 47°11′N 100°13′W / 47.18°N 100.22°W | 20:24–? | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) | 10 yards (9.1 m) | Brief tornado reported. No damage occurred.[4][11] |
F1 | ENE of Sinai to NE of Nunda | Brookings | SD | 44°15′N 97°01′W / 44.25°N 97.02°W | 21:15–21:35 | 4 miles (6.4 km) | 7 yards (6.4 m) | Tornado damaged a corn crib. Losses totaled $250.[2][12] |
F0 | S of Herman | Grant | MN | 45°45′N 96°09′W / 45.75°N 96.15°W | 22:28–? | 1.5 miles (2.4 km) | 200 yards (180 m) | Tornado struck a farmstead, damaging a TV antenna and a chimney. Losses totaled $2,500.[13][14] |
F1 | ESE of Round Lake to Northwestern Lakefield | Jackson | MN | 43°32′N 95°25′W / 43.53°N 95.42°W | 22:50–23:22 | 20 miles (32 km) | 400 yards (370 m) | Rain-wrapped tornado unroofed a farmhouse and damaged other structures at 22 different locations in a rural swath between Round Lake and Lakefield. A pickup truck was blown off a road outside Lakefield. In Lakefield the tornado prostrated or broke many trees and power lines, while damaging 50 homes, one of which it unroofed. A woman in town was injured by airborne glass and debris. Losses totaled $2.5 million.[13][15] |
F0 | N of Alzada | Carter | MT | 45°06′N 104°25′W / 45.10°N 104.42°W | 23:15–? | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) | 3 yards (2.7 m) | Brief tornado caused some damage to cropland. Losses totaled $250.[8][16] |
F1 | NNW of De Kalb to WNW of Edgerton | Buchanan, Platte | MO | 39°36′N 94°56′W / 39.6°N 94.93°W | 23:25–00:30 | 15.6 miles (25.1 km) | 50 yards (46 m) | Multiple-vortex tornado damaged agricultural implements and outbuildings, while destroying five or more homes. Five people were injured and losses totaled $750,000. Grazulis classified the tornado as an F2.[17][18][19][20][21] |
F0 | WNW of Plattsburg | Clinton | MO | 39°35′N 94°29′W / 39.58°N 94.48°W | 00:28–? | 0.2 miles (0.32 km) | 50 yards (46 m) | Tornado reported. No damage occurred.[17][22] |
F0 | S of Spencer | Clay | IA | 43°03′N 95°09′W / 43.05°N 95.15°W | 00:38–? | 0.1 miles (0.16 km) | 20 yards (18 m) | Tornado reported. No damage occurred.[23][24] |
F3 | N of Volga, IA to SSW of Mount Hope, WI | Clayton (IA), Grant (WI) | IA, WI | 42°51′N 91°32′W / 42.85°N 91.53°W | 03:22–04:45 | 34 miles (55 km) | 1,500 yards (1,400 m) | 2 deaths – See section on this tornado – 27 people were injured and losses totaled $27.5 million.[25][26][27][28] |
F2 | NW of Livingston to N of Dodgeville | Grant, Iowa | WI | 42°55′N 90°27′W / 42.92°N 90.45°W | 04:50–05:30 | 16 miles (26 km) | 500 yards (460 m) | Tornado damaged six farmsteads, downed many trees and power lines, and affected cultivated land. Losses totaled $500,000.[29][30][31][32] |
May 31 event
[edit]F# | Location | County / Parish | State | Start coord. |
Time (UTC) | Path length | Max. width | Summary |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F2 | NNW of Daleyville to NW of Oregon | Dane | WI | 42°55′N 89°49′W / 42.92°N 89.82°W | 05:20–05:55 | 21 miles (34 km) | 100 yards (91 m) | Tornado significantly damaged eight farmsteads and farmhouses, dispersing debris 1⁄4 mi (0.40 km) distant. Three steers were reported dead, and utility wires and trees were felled. Losses totaled $250,000.[29][33][32] |
F1 | SW of Chetek to SW of Island Lake | Barron, Chippewa | WI | 45°16′N 91°42′W / 45.27°N 91.7°W | 05:30–? | 11 miles (18 km) | 100 yards (91 m) | Narrow tornado downed numerous trees, garages, and barns. Losses totaled $500,000.[29][34][35] |
F2 | N of Wiarton | Bruce | ON | 44°56′13″N 81°10′16″W / 44.937°N 81.171°W | 18:50–? | 1 mile (1.6 km) | [36][37] | |
F3 | S of Hopeville | Grey | ON | 44°04′08″N 80°37′34″W / 44.069°N 80.626°W | 19:45–20:00 | 10.6 miles (17.1 km) | [36] | |
F0 | Leamington area | Essex | ON | |||||
F3 | Mansfield area | Dufferin, Simcoe | ON | 20:00–20:30 | 25 miles (40 km) | Multiple homes were damaged. | ||
F4 | N of Arthur to W of Mount Albert | Wellington, Dufferin, Simcoe, York | ON | 20:15–21:25 | 71.5 miles (115.1 km) | 6 deaths — Tornado devastated the town of Grand Valley, where numerous homes and three churches were completely destroyed. The roof of the local library was torn off and thrown 200 meters. A shopping center on the north side of Orangeville partially collapsed. Severe damage occurred in rural areas as well, including to hydro towers which were toppled by the tornado. | ||
F0 | N of Alliston | Simcoe | ON | 20:30– | 0.6 miles (0.97 km) | |||
F4 | NE of Monroe Center, OH to Albion, PA to NE of Ivarea, PA | Ashtabula (OH), Erie (PA) | OH, PA | 20:59– | 14 miles (23 km) | 12 deaths — In Ohio, trees and power poles were downed and 10 mobile homes were destroyed. Tornado crossed the state border and struck Albion, where an area up to 2 blocks wide and 10 blocks long was devastated. Many homes in town were completely leveled and 9 people were killed. Tornado struck two trailer parks in Cranesville, Pennsylvania, where three other people died. | ||
F4 | Barrie | Simcoe | ON | 21:00– | 6.2 miles (10.0 km) | 8 deaths – Major damage in Barrie with many homes and businesses completely destroyed. A few poorly constructed homes were swept away. Vehicles and boats were tossed by the tornado, and highway guard rails were torn away and wrapped around telephone poles. An industrial park was devastated as well, with many factory buildings completely leveled. Apartment buildings sustained major damage, and wooden splinters were found speared into concrete walls at some locations. | ||
F3 | SE of Bundysburg to NE of Colebrooke | Trumbull, Ashtabula | OH | 21:05– | 15 miles (24 km) | 40 homes were destroyed, along with multiple trucks, cars, and trailers. Numerous other structures were damaged. | ||
F2 | SE of Linesville | Crawford | PA | 21:10– | 4 miles (6.4 km) | 1 death —Touched town over the Pymatuning Reservoir and moved ashore, damaging numerous homes and campgrounds. The fatality occurred when a woman was crushed underneath a travel trailer. Two trailer homes were swept away, and a barn, a garage, and other structures were damaged. | ||
F4 | SE of Cornelion, OH to Atlantic, PA to SE of Eagle Rock, PA | Trumbull (OH), Mercer (PA), Crawford (PA), Venango (PA), Forest (PA) | OH, PA | 21:17– | 56.2 miles (90.4 km) | 16 deaths — Long track tornado touched down near the Ohio/Pennsylvania border and caused major damage in and around Jamestown, Atlantic, Cochranton, Cooperstown, Cherry Tree, and Hannasville, Pennsylvania. Atlantic was particularly hard hit, where a grain mill, a chair factory, a communications tower, a post office, a school building, and multiple homes were destroyed. Five people were killed there. Two homes and 11 trailers were destroyed at a trailer park in the Cherry Tree area, where five additional fatalities occurred. A poultry farm lost 160,000 birds. Numerous other structures including churches, mobile homes, a motel, and two taverns were damaged or destroyed along the path. Tornado caused a total of $5,000,000 in damage. | ||
F3 | S of Saegertown to NE of Centerville | Crawford | PA | 21:23– | 23 miles (37 km) | 2 deaths — Tornado struck a ranger's home at the Army Corps of Engineers Station. A car was rolled 100 feet at this location. The fatalities occurred at Centerville. | ||
F4 | SE of Waterford, PA to SE of Panama, NY | Erie (PA), Warren (PA), Chautauqua (NY) | PA, NY | 21:25– | 28 miles (45 km) | In Pennsylvania, over 50 buildings were destroyed in the Corry and Elgin areas. One farm was completely leveled in the area, with nothing but a silo left standing. The farmhouse was seen in the air by eyewitnesses. A dump truck was tossed over a house and a wagon was thrown over a mile. 30 head of cattle were killed in the area. Tornado crossed into New York and traversed rural areas before dissipating. | ||
F2 | NE of Dorset, OH to W of Steamburg, PA | Ashtabula (OH), Crawford (PA) | OH, PA | 21:28– | 10 miles (16 km) | Several homes and farm buildings were torn apart along the path. | ||
F1 | Wagner Lake area | Durham | ON | 21:40– | Unknown | |||
F1 | Reaboro area | Peterborough | ON | 22:05– | Unknown | |||
F3 | S of Centerville | Crawford | PA | 22:12– | 8 miles (13 km) | Ten homes, a trailer, and several barns were destroyed. A $500,000 state transportation building was destroyed as well. | ||
F3 | Alma to Hilsburgh | Wellington | ON | 22:15–22:30 | 20.6 miles (33.2 km) | Damage was mostly confined to outbuildings. | ||
F2 | Ida area | Peterborough | ON | 22:20– | Unknown | |||
F3 | E of Jamestown | Chautauqua | NY | 22:25– | 13 miles (21 km) | Homes near Busti, Harmony, Carroll, and Kiantone were torn apart or destroyed. | ||
F3 | Rice Lake area | Northumberland | ON | 22:25– | Unknown | |||
F5 | W of Newton Falls, OH to Niles, OH/Wheatland, PA to W of Mercer, PA | Portage (OH), Trumbull (OH), Mercer (PA) | OH, PA | 41°12′N 81°09′W / 41.20°N 81.15°W | 22:30– | 47 miles (76 km) | 18 deaths — See the section on this tornado – Was the only F5 tornado on record in Pennsylvania. | |
F4 | SE of Shamburg to SW of Owls Nest | Venango, Forest | PA | 22:30– | 29 miles (47 km) | 7 deaths — 700 structures were damaged along the path, 125 of which were destroyed. 14 of 17 trailers were destroyed at a drug and alcohol rehab center. The fatalities took place near German Hill, three of which occurred when a car was thrown 100 yards from Hwy-36. | ||
F1 | S of Pittsfield | Warren | PA | 22:30– | 5 miles (8.0 km) | |||
F1 | Minto area | Hastings | ON | 22:35– | Unknown | |||
F2 | SW of Chaffee to E of Halsey | Forest, Elk, McKean | PA | 22:50– | 19 miles (31 km) | Damage was mostly limited to trees. | ||
F1 | SW of London | Madison | OH | 23:06– | 0.5 miles (0.80 km) | |||
F3 | N of Johnstown to W of West Carlisle | Licking, Coshocton | OH | 23:15– | 29 miles (47 km) | 1 death — Several homes and buildings were destroyed, and one person was killed near Fallsburg. Caused $5,000,000 in damage. | ||
F3 | S of Tidioute | Warren | PA | 23:30– | 17 miles (27 km) | 32 buildings were damaged or destroyed. | ||
F2 | S of Salem to W of East Palestine | Columbiana | OH | 23:35– | 15 miles (24 km) | Many homes and farm buildings were destroyed. | ||
F4 | N of Sabula to NW of Jersey Shore | Clearfield, Clinton, Centre | PA | 23:35– | 69 miles (111 km) | Tornado carved a massive path through the Moshannon State Forest, downing thousands of trees. The tornado went through Parker Dam State Park in Clearfield County. 13 homes were destroyed, mostly near the beginning of the path. | ||
F1 | NE of Frazeysburg | Muskingum, Coshocton | OH | 23:50– | 11 miles (18 km) | |||
F2 | SW of Dotter | Venango | PA | 23:54– | 6 miles (9.7 km) | A trailer and five homes were destroyed or badly damaged. A man and his son were badly injured when another trailer was destroyed. Caused $243,000 in damage. | ||
F0 | S of Emlenton | Venango, Clarion | PA | 23:56– | 5 miles (8.0 km) | |||
F4 | NW of Brookston to E of Glen Hazel | Warren, McKean, Elk | PA | 00:00– | 29 miles (47 km) | 4 deaths — Severe damage along the path, especially in the Kane area, where three businesses were destroyed, the schools sustained $3,000,000 in damage, and 99 homes were left uninhabitable. A church in the area had only its front steps left, and many vehicles were crushed under collapsed garages. Caused a total of $15,000,000 in damage. | ||
F1 | Grippen Lake area | Leeds and Grenville | ON | 00:10– | Unknown | [38] | ||
F3 | NW of Darlington to E of Sarverville | Beaver, Butler | PA | 00:10– | 39 miles (63 km) | 9 deaths — The Big Beaver Borough Shopping Plaza was destroyed near Beaver Falls. Two people were killed at this location, and over 100 cars were damaged or destroyed in the parking lot. 16 antique cars were destroyed in a garage nearby. At the intersection of highways 588 and 65, the tornado destroyed three homes, a drive-in theater, a service station, and two other businesses. A van was picked up from I-79 and tossed a quarter-mile by the tornado. The family inside was ejected from the vehicle but survived. A trailer park was leveled in the Evans City area, and 40 homes were destroyed between Callery and Mars. Witnesses in the area reported pink insulation and sheet metal falling from the sky prior to the tornado. | ||
F1 | W of East Sparta | Stark | OH | 00:45– | 0.2 miles (0.32 km) | |||
F1 | SW of Cedar Mills | Adams | OH | 01:05– | 2 miles (3.2 km) | |||
F3 | NW of Bastress to NE of Springton | Lycoming, Union, Northumberland | PA | 41°08′N 76°58′W / 41.13°N 76.97°W | 01:25– | 19 miles (31 km) | 6 deaths — At the Hidden Creek Campground, 48 of the 60 trailers were destroyed, with the rest being damaged. An 83-year-old woman survived the tornado when it threw her mobile home off an 80-foot cliff and into a tree. In Union County, the tornado destroyed three mobile homes, 8 permanent homes, and 18 vehicles. Five other homes were damaged in the area. In Northumberland County, the tornado damaged or destroyed two businesses, 140 mobile homes, 77 permanent homes, a church, 9 silos, and 28 barns. Thousands of trees were snapped along the path. | |
F0 | W of Manor | Indiana | PA | 40°36′N 78°59′W / 40.60°N 78.98°W | 01:53– | 6 miles (9.7 km) | ||
F1 | N of Norfolk | St. Lawrence | NY | 44°49′N 74°57′W / 44.82°N 74.95°W | 02:30– | 5 miles (8.0 km) | ||
F1 | NW of Freeland | Luzerne | PA | 41°01′N 75°55′W / 41.02°N 75.92°W | 02:45– | 11 miles (18 km) | ||
F1 | NW of Tobyhanna | Monroe | PA | 41°11′N 75°26′W / 41.18°N 75.43°W | 04:05– | 0.2 miles (0.32 km) |
See also
[edit]- List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
- 1944 Appalachians tornado outbreak – Devastating outbreak produced violent tornadoes in the same region as the 1985 event
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Brooks 2004, p. 310.
- ^ a b Storm Data 1985a, p. 54.
- ^ Storm Data Publication 1985, #10124818
- ^ a b c d Storm Data 1985a, p. 43.
- ^ Storm Data Publication 1985, #10083089
- ^ Storm Data Publication 1985, #10083090
- ^ Grazulis 1993, pp. 1266–9.
- ^ a b Storm Data 1985a, p. 39.
- ^ Storm Data Publication 1985, #10073681
- ^ Storm Data Publication 1985, #10083091
- ^ Storm Data Publication 1985, #10083951
- ^ Storm Data Publication 1985, #10123902
- ^ a b Storm Data 1985a, p. 36.
- ^ Storm Data Publication 1985, #10049124
- ^ Storm Data Publication 1985, #10049126
- ^ Storm Data Publication 1985, #10070053
- ^ a b Storm Data 1985a, p. 38.
- ^ Storm Data Publication 1985, #10058949
- ^ Storm Data Publication 1985, #10058950
- ^ Storm Data Publication 1985, #10058951
- ^ Grazulis 1993, p. 1266.
- ^ Storm Data Publication 1985, #10058952
- ^ Storm Data 1985a, p. 30.
- ^ Storm Data Publication 1985, #10015039
- ^ Storm Data 1985a, pp. 30, 63.
- ^ Storm Data Publication 1985, #10015049
- ^ Storm Data Publication 1985, #10162205
- ^ Grazulis 1993, pp. 1266–7.
- ^ a b c Storm Data 1985a, p. 63.
- ^ Storm Data Publication 1985, #10162208
- ^ Storm Data Publication 1985, #10162209
- ^ a b Grazulis 1993, p. 1267.
- ^ Storm Data Publication 1985, #10162210
- ^ Storm Data Publication 1985, #10162211
- ^ Storm Data Publication 1985, #10162213
- ^ a b CNTD 1985, Verified Events
- ^ J. R. Janzen, ed. (16 August 2001). "Excerpt from the Report on the 1985 Barrie Tornado". The Green Lane. Environment Canada. Archived from the original on 17 August 2002. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
- ^ Sutherland, Scott (May 31, 2016). "May 31, 1985 outbreak: How a 'lost' 14th tornado was found". The Weather Network. Pelmorex. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
Sources
[edit]- Allen, D. E. (January 1986). Tornado Damage in the Barrie/Orangeville Area, Ontario, May 1985 (PDF). National Research Council Canada (Technical report). Building Research Note. Ottawa: National Research Council Canada: Institute for Research in Construction. 240. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
{{cite tech report}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Brooks, Harold E. (April 2004). "On the Relationship of Tornado Path Length and Width to Intensity". Weather and Forecasting. 19 (2). Boston: American Meteorological Society: 310–19. Bibcode:2004WtFor..19..310B. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0310:OTROTP>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- Cook, A. R.; Schaefer, J. T. (August 2008). Written at Norman, Oklahoma. "The Relation of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to Winter Tornado Outbreaks". Monthly Weather Review. 136 (8). Boston: American Meteorological Society: 3135. Bibcode:2008MWRv..136.3121C. doi:10.1175/2007MWR2171.1. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- Environment and Climate Change Canada (May 1985). Verified Tornadoes (Report). Government of Canada. Retrieved July 18, 2024 – via Canadian National Tornado Database.
- Etkin, David A.; Brun, Soren E.; Chrom, Solomon; Dogra, Pooja (July 2002). A Tornado Scenario for Barrie, Ontario (PDF). Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction (Technical report). Canadian Natural Hazards Assessment Project. Toronto: Adaptation and Impacts Research Group, Environment Canada; University of Toronto. 20. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
- Fujita, Ted; Stiegler, Duane J., eds. (May 1985). Written at Chicago. "Tornado Outbreak in the United States and Canada on May 31, 1985". Outstanding Storms of the Month. Storm Data. 27 (5). Asheville, North Carolina: National Climatic Data Center.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Fuller, John G. (1987). Tornado Watch Number 211. William Morrow & Company. ISBN 978-0688065904.
- Grazulis, Thomas P. (November 1990). Significant Tornadoes 1880–1989. Vol. 2. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-02-3.
- Grazulis, Thomas P. (July 1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
- Grazulis, Thomas P. (2001a). The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3538-0.
- Grazulis, Thomas P. (2001b). F5-F6 Tornadoes. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films.
- Jacinthe Séguin, ed. (2008). "Vulnerabilities to Natural Hazards and Extreme Weather" (PDF). Human Health in a Changing Climate: a Canadian Assessment of Vulnerabilities and Adaptive Capacity (PDF). Ottawa: Health Canada. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
- Joe, P.; Leduc, M. (1993). "Radar Signatures and Severe Weather Forecasting". In Burgess, D.; Church, C.; Davies-Jones, R.; Doswell, C. (eds.). The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards. Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union. pp. 233–240.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - LeGrand, Jacques (1990). Abbott, Elizabeth (ed.). Chronicle of Canada. Montreal: Chronicle Publications. ISBN 9780920417164.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - National Weather Service (May 1985). "Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena". Storm Data. 27 (5). Asheville, North Carolina: National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- National Weather Service (June 1985). "Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena". Storm Data. 27 (6). Asheville, North Carolina: National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- National Weather Service (May–June 1985). Storm Data Publication (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved July 18, 2024 – via Storm Events Database.
- Neal, Lott; Sam McCown; Tom Ross (August 2000) [1999]. 1998-1999 Tornadoes and a Long-Term U.S. Tornado Climatology (PDF) (Technical report). National Climatic Data Center Technical Report. Asheville, North Carolina: National Climatic Data Center. 99-02.
- Verkaik, Jerrine; Verkaik, Arjen (1997). Under the Whirlwind (1st ed.). Elmwood, Frontenac County, Ontario: Whirlwind Books. ISBN 9780968153703.
- Witten, Donald E. (August 1985). "May 31, 1985: a Deadly Tornado Outbreak" (PDF). Weatherwise. Vol. 38, no. 4. Washington, D.C.: Heldref Publications. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
Category:Tornadoes of 1985
Category:1985 natural disasters in the United States
Category:Tornadoes in Ontario
Category:May 1985 events in North America
Category:Tornadoes in the United States
Category:1985 disasters in Canada
1985-05-31