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The following three tables comprise the printable characters of the C0 Controls and Basic Latin Unicode block[1][2] (from U+0000 to U+007F) with their common names and pronunciation in the Latin, English, German, French, and Spanish languages.

The Latin alphabet has evolved since the origin of the Roman Republic and its eventual integration into many modern languages. After the Roman conquest of Greece in the 1st century BCE, Latin adopted the Greek letters upsilon and zeta as the Latin letters Y and Z (highlighted in light green), expanding the 21-letter Latin alphabet to 23 letters. The three modern letters J, U, and W added to Classical Latin to form the 26-letter Basic Latin alphabet and the modern number 0 are highlighted in light yellow. Modern letters not included in the Basic Latin alphabet are shown in gray.

Letters

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Letter names and their pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet
Letter Latin [a] English German French Spanish
UPPER CASE lower case
A a A /aː/ a /eɪ/ A /ˈeɪ/ a /ɑ/ a /a/
B b BE /beː/ bee /biː/ Be /beː/ /be/ be /be/
C c CE /keː/ cee /siː/ Ce /t͡seː/ /se/ ce /se/
D d DE /deː/ dee /diː/ De /deː/ /de/ de /de/
E e E /eː/ e /iː/ E /ʔeː/ e /ə/ e /e/
F f F /ɛf/ ef /ɛf/ Ef /ʔɛf/ effe /ɛf/ efe /ˈe.fe/
G g GE /ɡeː/ gee /dʒiː/ Ge /geː/ /ʒe/ ge /xe/
H h HA /haː/ aitch /eɪtʃ/ Ha /haː/ ache /aʃ/ hache /ˈa.t͡ʃe/
I i I /i:/ [b] i /aɪ/ I /ʔiː/ i /i/ i /i/
J j jay /dʒeɪ/ Jott /jɔt/ ji /ʒi/ jota /ˈxo.ta/
K k KA /kaː/ kay /keɪ/ Ka /kaː/ ka /ka/ ka /ka/
L l EL /ɛl/ el /ɛl/ El /ʔɛl/ elle /ɛl/ ele /ˈe.le/
M m EM /ɛm/ em /ɛm/ Em /ʔɛm/ emme /ɛm/ eme /'e.me/
N n EN /ɛn/ en /ɛn/ En /ʔɛn/ enne /ɛn/ ene /'e.ne/
Ñ ñ eñe /'e.ne/ [c]
O o O /oː/ o /əʊ/ O /ʔoː/ o /o/ o /o/
Œ œ e dans l'o /ə dɑ̃ l‿o/ [d]
P p PE /peː/ pee /piː/ Pe /pʰeː/ /pe/ pe /pe/
Q q QV /kʷuː/ quew /kjuː/ Qu /kuː/ qu /ˈky/ cu /ku/
R r ER /ɛr/ ar /ɑː/ Er /ʔɛɐ̯/ erre /ɛʁ/ erre /'e.re/
S s ES /ɛs/ ess /ɛs/ Es /ʔɛs/ esse /ɛs/ ese /ˈe.se/
ß Eszett /ɛsˈt͜sɛt/ [e]
T t TE /teː/ tee /tiː/ Te /tʰeː/ /te/ te /te/
U u V /uː/ [f] u /juː/ U /ʔuː/ u /y/ u /u/
V v vee /juː/ Vau /faʊ/ /ve/ uve /ˈu.βe/
W w [g] double-u /ˈdʌbəl.juː/ We /veː/ double vé /du.blə.ve/ uve doble /ˈu.βe ˈdo.βle/
X x IX /eks/ ex /ɛks/ Ix /ʔɪks/ ixe /iks/ equis /ˈe.kis/
Y y I GRACECA /iːˈɡraiːka/ [h] wye /waɪ/ Ypsilon /ʔʏpsilɔn/ i grec /i ɡʁɛk/ ye /ʝe/
Ÿ ÿ i grec tréma /i ɡʁɛk tʁe.ma/ [i]
Z z ZETA /ˈzeːta/ [h] zee /ziː/
zed /zɛd/
Zett /tsɛt/ zède /zɛd/ zeta /ˈse.ta/

Numerals

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Numeral names and their pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet
Numeral Latin[j] English German French Spanish
0 zerus /ˈzeːrus/ [k] zero /ˈzɪɚˌoʊ/ Null /nʊl/ zéro /ˈzeˌʁo/ cero /ˈseˌɾo/
1 VNVS (I) /ˈuːnus/ one /wʌn/ Eins /aɪ̯ns/ un /œ̃/ uno /ˈuˌno/
2 DVO (II) //ˈdu.o/ two /tuː/ Zwei /t͡svaɪ̯/ deux /dø/ dos /dos/
3 TRES (III) /tre:s/ three /θɹiː/ Drei /dʁaɪ̯/ trois /tʁwɑ/ tres /tɾes/
4 QVATTOR (IV) /ˈkʷat.tu.or/ four /fôr/ Vier /fiːɐ̯/ quatre /katʁ/ cuatro /ˈkwaˌtɾo/
5 QVINQVE (V) /ˈkʷiːn.kʷe/ five /faɪv/ Fünf /fünf]/ cinq /sɛ̃k/ cinco /ˈθiŋˌko/
6 SEX (VI) /ˈseks/ six /sɪks/ Sechs /zɛks/ six /sis/ seis /sejs/
7 SEPTEM (VII) /ˈsep.tem/ seven /ˈsɛvən/ Sieben /ˈziːbn̩/ sept /sɛt/ siete /ˈsjeˌte/
8 OCTO (VIII) /ˈoktoː/ eight /eɪt/ Acht /axt/ huit /ɥit/ ocho /ˈoˌtʃo/
9 NOVEM (IX) /ˈno.wem/ nine /naɪn/ Neun /nɔɪ̯n/ neuf /nœf/ nueve /ˈnweˌβe/

Punctuation and symbols

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Punctuation marks and symbols
Character Latin[a][l] English German French Spanish
spatium space
blank space
thousands separator
Leerzeichen espace espacio
! signum exclamationis exclamation mark
factorial sign
bang
Ausrufezeichen point d'exclamation
factorielle
signo de exclamación
" quotation mark
double quote
Anführungszeichen guillemet anglais comilla
# number sign
pound mass sign
hash symbol
crosshatch
octothorpe
Doppelkreuz croisillon almohadilla
$ signum dollarii dollar sign
peso sign
Dollarzeichen
Pesozeichen
symbole dollar
symbole peso
signo de dólar
signo de peso
% percent sign Prozentzeichen pour cent símbolo del porcentaje
& et commercialis ampersand
and sign
Et-Zeichen
Kaufmanns-Und
esperluète
et commercial
signo et
' apostrophe
single quote
Apostroph apostrophe apóstrofo
( parenthesis circularis sinistra left parenthesis Runde Klammer links parenthèse gauche paréntesis izquierda
) parenthesis circularis dextra right parenthesis Runde Klammer rechts parenthèse droite paréntesis derecha
* asterisk Sternchen astérisque asterisco
+ plus sign Pluszeichen signe plus signo más
, virgula comma
decimal separator
Komma virgule
séparateur décimal
coma
- linea interposita hyphen-minus
hyphen
minus sign
Bindestrich-Minus trait d'union-signe moins
trait d'union
signe moins
guion
signo menos
. punctum full stop
period
decimal separator
Punkt point
séparateur décimal
punto
/ linea obliqua solidus
slash
forward slash
virgule
Schrägstrich barre oblique
oblique
barra
: bipunctum colon
ratio sign
Doppelpunkt deux-points dos puntos
; virgula punctata semicolon Semikolon point-virgule punto y coma
< less-than sign Kleiner-als-Zeichen signe inférieur à signo menor que
= equals sign Gleichheitszeichen signe égal signo igual
> greater-than sign Größer-als-Zeichen signe supérieur à signo mayor que
? signum interrogationis question mark Fragezeichen point d'interrogation signo de interrogación
@ signum arroba commercial at
at sign
At-Zeichen arobase arroba
[ parenthesis quadra sinistra left square bracket Eckige Klammer links crochet gauche corchete izquierda
\ reverse solidus
backslash
Backslash barre oblique inversée
contre-oblique
barra inversa
] parenthesis quadra dextra right square bracket Eckige Klammer rechts crochet droit corchete derecha
^ circumflex accent
circumflex
Zirkumflex accent circonflexe acento circunflejo
_ low line
spacing underscore
Unterstrich tiret bas
souligné
guion bajo
' grave accent Gravis accent grave acento grave
{ parenthesis ungulata vel flexuosa sinistra left curly bracket
left brace
Geschweifte Klammer links accolade gauche llave izquierda
| linea verticalis vertical line
vertical bar
vertical pipe
Senkrechter Strich barre verticale pleca entera
} parenthesis ungulata vel flexuosa dextra right curly bracket
right brace
Geschweifte Klammer rechts accolade droite llave derecha
~ tilde Tilde tilde tilde de la eñe
virgulilla de la eñe

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b Latin of the Roman classical period did not use lower case, punctuation, or interword spacing, although an interpunct (·) was occasionally used to separate words.
  2. ^ The Latin letter I of the Roman classical period served as both a vowel and consonant. The J form was initially used as a flourish. Gian Giorgio Trissino was the first to distinguish I and J as separate letters in 1124 using I to represent the vowel and J to represent the consonant.
  3. ^ The Spanish letter Ñ (lower case ñ) is found in the C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement Unicode block.[3]
  4. ^ The French letter Œ (lower case œ) is found in the Latin étendu A Unicode block.[4]
  5. ^ The German lower case letter ß is found in the C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement Unicode block[3] while the German upper case letter ẞ is found in the Latin Extended Additional Unicode block.[5]
  6. ^ The Latin letter U of the Roman classical period was styled as V and served as both a vowel and consonant. During the Middle Ages, the form U was also used. The distinction of U and V as individual letters with U to represent the vowel and V to represent the consonant gradually evolved between 1386 and 1762.
  7. ^ The letter W does not appear in the Latin of the Roman classical period. The use of two V's or two U's to represent the labial–velar approximant sound of Old High German and Old English evolved in the early modern period and eventually became the modern letter W.
  8. ^ a b The addition of the two Latin letters Y to represent the Greek letter upsilon (Y) and Z to represent the Greek letter zeta (Ζ) expanded the Latin alphabet to 23 letters.
  9. ^ The French lower case letter ÿ is found in the Commandes C1 et supplément Latin-1 Unicode block[6] while the French upper case letter Ÿ is found in the Latin étendu A Unicode block.[4]
  10. ^ Roman numerals were used during the Roman classical period and throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. The Western Church avoided the use of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system believing them to be a polytheistic and Islamic influence.
  11. ^ The number zero (0) cannot be represented in Roman numerals. The Hindu–Arabic numeral system with the numeral 0 was popularized in Europe with Liber Abaci by Leonardo de Pisa (Fibonacci) published posthumously in 1202.
  12. ^ Modern Latin uses a subset of punctuation marks and symbols borrowed from modern languages.

References

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  1. ^ "C0 Controls and Basic Latin" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0. Unicode, Inc. 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
  2. ^ "Commandes C0 et latin de bas" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0 (in French). Unicode, Inc. 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
  3. ^ a b "C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0. Unicode, Inc. 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
  4. ^ a b "Latin étendu A" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0 (in French). Unicode, Inc. 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
  5. ^ "Latin Extended Additional" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0. Unicode, Inc. 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
  6. ^ "Commandes C1 et supplément Latin-1" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0 (in French). Unicode, Inc. 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
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