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This page is about the neurobiologist and entrepreneur. For the politician, see Philip B. Low.

Philip S. Low
Born (1979-08-16) August 16, 1979 (age 45)
Vienna, Austria
CitizenshipCanada
Education
Known forAnimal consciousness
iBrain inventor
Elon Musk critic
AwardsInnovators Under 35 (2010)
Scientific career
Fields
InstitutionsNeurovigil Inc.
Philip Low Foundation
ThesisA New Way To Look At Sleep: Separation and Convergence (2007)
Doctoral advisorsTerry Sejnowski
Fred Gage
Websiteneurovigil.com

Philip Steven Low (born August 16, 1979) is an Austrian-born, US-resident Canadian neuroscientist and founder of NeuroVigil, a California-based neurotechnology firm that specialises in non-invasive brain-computer interfaces.

Early life

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Low was born on August 16, 1979, in Vienna, Austria.[1] His father, Steven Low[2]: xxi  (born Seweryn Lwów in Lviv on May 26, 1932)[3] was a Jewish Holocaust survivor who ended up in Canada after the war.[4] After completing his primary schooling at Cours Hattemer in Paris in 1991, he attended Institut Le Rosey, one of the oldest private boarding schools in Switzerland, graduating in 1996 with a specialization in Mathematics.[1]

For his tertiary studies, Low was attracted to the University of Chicago – initially because of his interest in mathematics and physics, but an elective in Biology led to a summer research program at Harvard Medical School in 1998 and further courses in computational neuroscience.[5]

Education

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Career

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NeuroVigil and iBrain

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NeuroVigil was founded in La Jolla in 2007, developing the iBrain device for sleep monitoring and diagnosing possible disorders. Initial development was funded by a seed round of $250,000 in 2008, provided by a Draper Fisher Jurvetson consortium.[6]

In 2010 MIT Technology Review included Low in their list of 35 Innovators Under 35, in recognition of his invention of the iBrain and the mathematical algorithms for parsing its output.[7]

In the summer of 2011, Low and his team conducted trials of the iBrain device with Dr. Stephen Hawking, who by that time had been severely debilitated by ALS, to determine whether he could use his mind to produce repeatable patterns that the iBrain could detect and feed to a computer algorithm (dubbed "Spears") for translation into letters or words.[8]

In 2011 NeuroVigil was named by Fast Company as one of the Most Innovative Companies in health care, "for building a database of brainwave activity to help researchers recognize disease patterns in people".[9]

In 2013 Low and NeuroVigil conducted further iBrain trials with another well-known ALS sufferer, Augie Nieto, the founder of Life Fitness, Augie's Quest to Cure ALS and the ALS Therapy Development Institute.[10] The trials were featured in Episode 6 (Can our minds be hacked?) of Season 4 of the popular science TV series, Through the Wormhole.[11]

In 2015 NeuroVigil launched a second capital-raising round, notably attracting Elon Musk, whom Low had met in France in 2011, as one of the investors.[12]

In 2024 the company raised $85 million in Series B funding at a claimed $6 billion valuation.[13]

Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness

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In July 2012 the Francis Crick Memorial Conference on Consciousness in Human and Non-Human Animals was held at Churchill College, University of Cambridge. During the conference, the attendees publicly issued The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness, written by Low and edited by Jaak Panksepp, Diana Reiss, David Edelman, Bruno Van Swinderen and Christof Koch. The Declaration acknowledges that consciousness can emerge in animals other than humans, even those animals that have evolved very differently from humans, such as birds and cephalopods like octopuses. The Declaration states the following:

The absence of a neocortex does not appear to preclude an organism from experiencing affective states. Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit intentional behaviors. Consequently, the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neurological substrates that generate consciousness. Nonhuman animals, including all mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess these neurological substrates.[14][15]


Elon Musk criticism

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Low met Elon Musk in 2011 in France, after which they "became friends".


Selected publications, presentations and awards

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  • The Organization of Sleep States in Zebra Finches (2003)[16]
  • A Pattern of Mammalian-like Features in Zebra Finch Sleep (2003)[17][18]
  • An Unbiased Automated Approach to Single-channel Sleep Scoring (2004)[19]
  • The Anti-fibrotic Drug Halofuginone Inhibits Proliferation and Collagen Production by Leiomyoma Smooth Muscle Cells (2005)[20]
  • A New Way to Look at Sleep (2005)[21]
  • Fine Structure of Human Sleep (2006)[22]
  • REM Revisited (2007)[23]
  • A New Way to Look at Sleep: Separation & Convergence (2007) (Dissertation)[2]
  • Mammalian-like Features of Sleep Structure in Zebra Finches (2008)[24]
  • REM Revealed (2008)[25]
  • A Non-invasive EEG in Animals (2008)[26]
  • TedMed 2009: Can sleep shed light on the brain's dark matter? (2009)[27]
  • The Antifibrotic Drug Halofuginone Inhibits Proliferation and Collagen Production by Human Leiomyoma and Myometrial Smooth Muscle Cells (2010)[28]
  • Ask Not What the Brain Can Do for Sleep – Ask What Sleep Can Do for the Brain (2009)[29]
  • The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness in Human and Non-Human Animals (2012)[15][30]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Curriculum Vitae: Philip S. Low" (PDF). Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Retrieved February 2, 2025.
  2. ^ a b Low, Philip S. (2007). A New Way To Look At Sleep: Separation & Convergence. Retrieved February 2, 2025.
  3. ^ "Poland, Jewish Holocaust Survivors Registered in Warsaw, 1945-1946 (USHMM) [database on-line]". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. February 26, 2025.
  4. ^ "Steven Low Obituary". Legacy. May 30, 2024.
  5. ^ Recchie, Benjamin. "Mind Reader: Alumnus Philip Low's iBrain monitors waves. It's also making them". The CORE: College Magazine of the University of Chicago. The University of Chicago. Retrieved February 2, 2025.
  6. ^ "Neurovigil: All Funding Rounds". Tracxn. February 7, 2025.
  7. ^ Darcé, Keith (August 25, 2010). "San Diego phenom named top innovator". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on October 12, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2025.
  8. ^ Duncan, David Ewing (April 2, 2012). "A Little Device That's Trying to Read Your Thoughts". New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2025.
  9. ^ "Fast Company Most Innovative Companies 2011". Fast Company. Mansueto Ventures, LLC. Retrieved February 4, 2025.
  10. ^ Genzlinger, Neil (July 1, 2013). "If Hackers Inherit the Earth". New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2025.
  11. ^ "Through the Wormhole - Season 4 Episode 6 - Can Our Minds Be Hacked?". Facebook. Retrieved February 4, 2025.
  12. ^ Csiszar, John (July 7, 2022). "What Companies Has Elon Musk Invested In?". GOBankingRates.
  13. ^ "NeuroVigil, World's Most Valuable Neurotech, Launches iBrain in US". NeuroVigil press release on GlobeNewswire. April 5, 2024.
  14. ^ "Animal Consciousness Officially Recognized by Leading Panel of Neuroscientists". Youtube. July 7, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2025.
  15. ^ a b Low, Philip (July 7, 2012). "The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness" (PDF). Proceedings of the Francis Crick Memorial Conference: 1–2. Retrieved February 3, 2025.
  16. ^ Low, P.; Shank, S.; Margoliash, D. (2003). "The Organization of Sleep States in Zebra Finches". Computational Neuroscience 2003 Proceedings.
  17. ^ Low, P.S. (2003). "A Pattern of Mammalian-like Features in Zebra Finch Sleep" (PDF). Proceedings of the Society for Neuroscience. Retrieved February 3, 2025.
  18. ^ "Sleeping with the finches". The Economist. November 20, 2003. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2025.
  19. ^ Low, P.S. (2004). "An unbiased automated approach to single channel sleep scoring" (PDF). Proceedings of the Society for Neuroscience.
  20. ^ Low, P.S. (February 24, 2005). "The anti-fibrotic drug halofuginone inhibits proliferation and collagen production by leiomyoma smooth muscle cells". The second National Institutes of Health International Congress on advances in uterine leiomyoma research. Retrieved February 3, 2025.
  21. ^ Low, Philip (2005). "A new way to look at sleep" (PDF). Proceedings of the Society for Neuroscience. Retrieved February 3, 2025.
  22. ^ Low, Philip (October 14, 2006). "Fine structure of human sleep" (PDF). Proceedings of the Society for Neuroscience. Retrieved February 3, 2025.
  23. ^ Low, P.S. (November 3, 2007). "REM Revisited". Proceedings of the Society for Neuroscience. Retrieved February 3, 2025.
  24. ^ Low, Philip Steven (July 1, 2008). "Mammalian-like features of sleep structure in zebra finches". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 105 (26): 9081–9086. Retrieved February 3, 2025.
  25. ^ Low, P.S. (November 17, 2008). "R.E.M. revealed" (PDF). Society for Neuroscience Meeting Planner.
  26. ^ Bonjean, M; Low, P (November 15, 2008). "Noninvasive EEG in animals" (PDF). Society for Neuroscience Meeting Planner.
  27. ^ Low, Philip. "TedMed 2009: Can sleep shed light on the brain's dark matter?". TedMed. Retrieved February 4, 2025.
  28. ^ Low, P.S. (March 1, 2010). "The antifibrotic drug halofuginone inhibits proliferation and collagen production by human leiomyoma and myometrial smooth muscle cells". Fertility and Sterility. 93 (4): 1290–1298. Retrieved February 3, 2025.
  29. ^ Low, Philip (December 2009). "Ask Not What the Brain Can Do for Sleep – Ask What Sleep Can Do for the Brain". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 3 (3): 488–489. Retrieved February 3, 2025.
  30. ^ "Consciousness in Human and Non-Human Animals". Francis Crick Memorial Conference. Retrieved February 3, 2025.



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