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The Dualistic Model of Passion

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Passion (emotion) is a compelling emotional drive that motivates individuals to vigorously pursue significant goals and ambitions.

As originally developed by psychologist Robert J. Vallerand in 2003, the Dualistic Model of Passion presents a detailed framework for understanding passion by examining its formation, effects and broader implications for behaviour.[1] This model illustrates how passion for activities and other things can manifest in two distinct ways: harmonious passion and obsessive passion.[2] Harmonious passion promotes personal growth and positive life experiences, while obsessive passion often leads to negative consequences, such as stress and imbalance in life.[1] This distinction is key to understanding how the two different forms of passion affect individuals' cognition, emotion, well-being and behaviour.[3]

Development

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Social psychologist Robert J. Vallerand

Historical and theoretical background

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Robert J. Vallerand began developing his model after conducting extensive research on motivation. His early studies focused on understanding how various forms of motivation influence behaviour, especially in fields like sports and education.[4]

Passion scale

Vallerand et al. began their initial research on passion in the late 1990s, as there was minimal psychological research on this topic. Philosophers had discussed passion widely, however it had received limited empirical attention in the field of psychology. In fact, until recently, the only psychological research on passion had centered around romantic passion. To fill this gap, Vallerand et al. developed a model of passion.[5] Vallerand et al. conceptualised passion as a strong attachment to an activity that holds personal significance, eventually becoming a central part of one's identity. These activities are so integral that they shape key aspects of an individual's sense of self. The study of passion was grounded in Self-determination theory (aims to clarify how self-determination influences motivation, suggesting that individuals are more driven to act when they believe their efforts will influence the result[6]), which posits that people are more likely to engage in and favour activities they find enjoyable. These activities, known as passionate activities, become so vital that they define essential elements of a person's identity.[5]

In 2003, Vallerand developed the Passion Scale to measure two distinct forms of passion in individuals. This contributed to the formal development of the Dualistic Model of Passion, which distinguishes between harmonious passion and obsessive passion based on how the activity becomes integrated into a person's identity.[7]

After his research gained global recognition, the Canadian social psychologist published a book in 2015 titled The Psychology of Passion; A Dualistic Model.

Harmonious passion

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Definition

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Harmonious passion arises when an activity is voluntarily and autonomously integrated into a person's identity. Driven by intrinsic motivation, individuals view the activity as meaningful and engage in it willingly, free from external pressure.[5] This form of passion is associated with the flow state, where people become deeply absorbed in a task, experiencing heightened focus and losing self-consciousness.[8][9] Unlike obsessive passion, it allows for flexibility and self-control, giving individuals the freedom to choose when and how to engage. The activity itself is inherently rewarding, and taking a break from it is done without guilt. Thus, it maintains a balanced role between the individual's passionate activity and their other life activities. The activity promotes beneficial consequences like attention, flow and satisfaction while occupying a significant yet balanced space in the person's life.[5]

An example for harmonious passion is:

A teacher passionate about painting dedicates his weekends to working on art projects because it brings him joy and fulfillment. He always paints during his free time, as it makes him happy. However, if an urgent task or family commitment arises, he can step away from painting without feeling distressed or conflicted. Painting is a significant part of his identity, but it does not dominate his life. It brings him satisfaction, flow and a sense of achievement but if he ever feels that it is no longer benefiting him, he can ease up or stop without feeling distressed.

Obsessive passion

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Definition

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Obsessive passion arises when an activity becomes internalised into a person's identity in a controlled matter.[5] In this case, the individual feels compelled to engage in the activity, allowing it to dominate their life and erode self-control. Obsessive-passionate people may depend on their activity to preserve their sense of self-worth and frequently feel guilty, ashamed, or burned out. This type of passion is closely tied to the ego and a rigid belief that controlling the activity will lead to desired outcomes.[8] Their persistence, motivated by ego rather than true enjoyment, can result in rigid behaviour that limits adaptability and created problems in other areas of life. This perseverance frequently comes at the expense of balance and general well-being, even though it enhances effectiveness in the activity.[5]

An example for obsessive passion is:

A professional athlete who is relentlessly motivated to train, even at the cost of his health or personal relationships feels compelled to practice daily, convinced that his success is entirely dependent on his performance. Despite physical fatigue or injury, he pushes himself to continue, unable to take a break from the sport. This obsession with training often causes guilt when he is not practicing, and leads to conflicts with his family or friends, as his self-worth is entirely tied to his athletic achievements.

Effects of harmonious and obsessive passion

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Harmonious passion allows for a healthy balance between a person's passionate pursuits and other aspects of their life. This contributes to mental well-being, physical health, personal development and overall life satisfaction. By encouraging positive emotions and nurturing meaningful relationships, this form of passion promotes a sense of harmony and balance in one's overall life experiences. However, this form of passion does not always lead to positive effects.[8]

Whereas obsessive passion typically results in less adaptive outcomes than harmonious passion, leading to contingent self-esteem (self-esteem based on social comparisons).[10] Though, this does not always have bad consequences. Obsessive passion can, in the short-term, motivate great effort and result in better performance. Long-term involvement in this condition, however, can lead to burnout, which can impact many facets of life, including employment, athletics, personal health etc.[8]

Studies in sports

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A study conducted about football and passion concluded that obsessive passion was the only significant predictor of players' intentions to stay in football. This might be because of the more adaptable attitude used by players with harmonious passion, who consider things like relationships, personal growth, and other commitments before determining whether to continue. However, because of an insatiable need to keep going, athletes with obsessive passion have a more restrictive decision-making process.[11]

Another study on winter cycling found that 30% of participants continued to cycle during the colder months. These individuals were more obsessively passionate than those who gave up riding during the winter. The results imply that obsessive passion fosters a rigid form of persistence, pushing individuals to continue their activity even when external conditions, like harsh weather make it impractical.[11]

Furthermore, selection into highly competitive leagues was linked to better psychological adjustment compared to not being selected. A study showed that athletes in competitive leagues with obsessive passion were shown to have better psychological adjustment than those with harmonious passion over two months. Conversely, athletes with harmonious passion demonstrated more psychological adjustments than their obsessively passionate peers in less difficult leagues.[12]

In identity-threat situations, harmonious passion may not promote optimal functioning. Confronting negative information that directly challenges one's self-identity appears to hinder the situational performance of individuals with harmonious passion.[13]

Therefore, individuals with obsessive passion are more likely to engage in an activity consistently compared to those with harmonious passion, as they tend to overlook external factors and persist rigidly in their pursuit.

Study in gambling

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A study has shown that individuals with severe gambling issues exhibit significantly higher levels of obsessive passion compared to regular casino gamblers, while no difference is found for harmonious passion. In contrast to typical casino players, obsessive passion was much greater than harmonious passion among individuals who self-exclude themselves. These findings suggest that self-destructive actions are associated with obsessive passion.[11]

Internet gaming disorder

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Obsessive passion can result in addictive behaviours, such as spending excessive time on activities, neglecting social or family relationships, lying about time or money spent, and other similar actions. Internet Gaming Disorder, defined by an intense fixation on video games, has been observed in several individuals exhibiting obsessive passion behaviours.[14]

Relationships

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Research has shown that both obsessive and harmonious passion can exist within a relationship. Couples who share a harmonious passion tend to enjoy spending time together, leading to stronger, longer-lasting relationships. However, obsessively passionate couples may fail to value their relationship and don't appreciate the process because they see it as a duty rather than a source of happiness.[15]

Furthermore, when couples with obsessive passion engage in an activity that only one partner is truly passionate about, it can negatively impact their relationship as it is shown that simply spending time together is not always enough. Instead, choosing activities that both individuals prefer is beneficial. Engaging in stimulating things together creates good vibes that might improve the relationship. In a relationship, it is generally more beneficial for both partners to share similar types of passion and engage in mutually enjoyable activities. Differences in passion or preferred activities can lead to conflict and tension. The most effective way to address this is for partners to participate in each other's harmoniously passionate pursuits, fostering connection and strengthening the relationship. Sharing an obsessive passion can also lead to conflict.[15]

Also, harmonious passion was found to have a negative effect on destructive conflict behaviours in relationships and positively influenced the use of reparative behaviours after conflicts. Obsessive passion, in contrast, did not significantly predict the use of reparative actions after conflicts and was linked to an increase in destructive conflict behaviours in relationships.[16]

Work passion

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Harmonious passion for work is strongly linked to positive outcomes, such as a focus on learning, goal-setting, and active engagement in tasks. Negative consequences, such as a fixation on performance-driven goals, a fear of failing, and a tendency for workaholism, are linked to obsessive passion for work.[17] For instance, entrepreneurs who exhibit higher levels of harmonious passion typically feel less strong negative emotions associated with failure-related anxiety. Obsessive passion, on the other hand, seems to have a more nuanced effect on these feelings, possibly having both positive and negative impacts.[18]

Additionally, students who have harmonious passion for their field of study are more confident when choosing a professional path and exhibit more persistence in achieving their goals. Similarly, workers who exhibit harmonic passion are more committed to their work and are seen by managers as having more prospects for career advancement.[17][19]

Summary

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The Dualistic Model of Passion, developed by Robert J. Vallerand, categorises passion into two types: harmonious passion and obsessive passion. Harmonious passion is characterised by a positive, balanced engagement with an activity, leading to personal growth and well-being. In contrast, obsessive passion involves a compulsive attachment to an activity that can negatively affect one's life, causing stress and burnout.

Research shows that harmonious passion tends to lead to positive outcomes, such as academic success and career advancement, while obsessive passion is linked to negative effects like addiction and poor work-life balance. However, it is also noted that harmonious passion can sometimes lead to difficulties, such as the inability to maintain long-term engagement in an activity and obsessive passion can have positive outcomes such as in the short-term it can enhance motivation. The dualistic model of passion has been applied across various domains, including sports, gaming, and work, highlighting the importance of balance in passion for maintaining mental and relational health.

References

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  1. ^ a b Vallerand, R. J. (2015b). The Dualistic Model of Passion: Theory, research, and implications for the field of education. In Springer eBooks (pp. 31–58). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-630-0_3
  2. ^ Mageau, G. A., Vallerand, R. J., Charest, J., Salvy, S., Lacaille, N., Bouffard, T., & Koestner, R. (2009). On the Development of Harmonious and Obsessive Passion: The Role of Autonomy Support, Activity Specialization, and Identification With the Activity. Journal of Personality, 77(3), 601–646. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00559.x
  3. ^ APA PsycNet. (n.d.-c). https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2012-14612-003
  4. ^ Robert J. Vallerand. (n.d.). https://vallerand.socialpsychology.org/
  5. ^ a b c d e f Vallerand, R. J. (2012). The role of passion in sustainable psychological well-being. Psychology of Well-Being Theory Research and Practice, 2(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/2211-1522-2-1
  6. ^ MSEd, K. C. (2024, July 18). Self-Determination Theory in Psychology. Verywell Mind.
  7. ^ Vallerand, R. J. (2012b). The role of passion in sustainable psychological well-being. Psychology of Well-Being Theory Research and Practice, 2(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/2211-1522-2-1
  8. ^ a b c d CHt/Eft, J. I. M. (2020, August 9). Can passion cost you? Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/building-the-habit-hero/202008/two-types-passion-harmonious-vs-obsessive
  9. ^ Villines, Z. (2022, April 19). What a flow state is and how to achieve it. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/flow-state#:~:text=The%20term%20%E2%80%9Cflow%20state%E2%80%9D%20describes,about%20themselves%20or%20their%20performance.
  10. ^ Jordan, C. H., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2018). Contingent Self-Esteem. In Springer eBooks (pp. 1–4). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1125-1
  11. ^ a b c American Psychology Association (2003). "Les Passions de l'Ame: On Obsessive and Harmonious Passion". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 85 (4): 756–767. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.756.
  12. ^ Amiot, C. E., Vallerand, R. J., & Blanchard, C. M. (2005). Passion and Psychological Adjustment: A test of the Person-Environment fit hypothesis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(2), 220–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205280250
  13. ^ Vallerand, Robert J. (2010). "Is harmonious passion all that good and obsessive passion all that bad?". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. 9 (2).
  14. ^ User, G. (2023, January 20). Harmonious Passion vs. Obsessive Passion : A discussion of passion and internet gaming disorder — Guardians MH. Guardians MH. https://guardiansmh.org/mental-health-articles/2023/1/19/harmonious-passion-vs-obsessive-passion-a-discussion-of-passion-and-internet-gaming-disorder
  15. ^ a b Tamasulo, D., PhD. (2019, October 4). Harmonious vs. obsessive passion: Harmonious passion supports a healthy relationship, while obsessive passion can destroy it. Thriveworks. https://thriveworks.com/blog/harmonious-vs-obsessive-passion/
  16. ^ Carbonneau, N., & Vallerand, R. J. (2013). On the role of harmonious and obsessive romantic passion in conflict behavior. Motivation and Emotion, 37(4), 743–757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-013-9354-5
  17. ^ a b Lajom, J. a. L., Amarnani, R. K., Restubog, S. L. D., Bordia, P., & Tang, R. L. (2017). Dualistic passion for work and its impact on career outcomes. Journal of Career Assessment, 26(4), 631–648. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072717723096
  18. ^ Elsevier (2020). "The dualistic regulatory effect of passion on the relationship between fear of failure and negative affect: Insights from facial expression analysis". Journal of Business Ventering. 35 (4).
  19. ^ Ratelle, C. B. &. C. F. (2021). Passion in University: The role of the dualistic model of passion in explaining students' academic functioning. ideas.repec.org. https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/jhappi/v22y2021i5d10.1007_s10902-020-00304-x.html
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