User:Benjah-bmm27/degree/hps
History and philosophy of science
[edit]Relevant general philosophy
[edit]- Philosophy:
- Argument, logic, logical consequences
- Reasoning
- Deductive reasoning — deductive fallacies, e.g. ecological fallacy (unreasonable application of population statistics to an individual)
- Inductive reasoning — the problem of induction, inductive fallacies e.g. argument from authority
- Supervenience
History of science
[edit]- History of science:
- History of chemistry: timeline of chemistry; structural theory, history of molecular theory, history of the periodic table, Chemical Revolution, alchemy
- History of materials science
Philosophy of science
[edit]- Philosophy of science: science, natural sciences, physical sciences, philosophy of physics, philosophy of chemistry
Scientific method
[edit]- Scientific method:
- Experiment: empirical method, empirical research, empiricism
- Theory: conjecture, hypothesis, data analysis, scientific theory, mathematical model, dependent and independent variables, statistical model, scientific modelling
- Design of experiments: alternative hypothesis, null hypothesis, working hypothesis, experimental techniques, scientific control, controlling for a variable, factorial experiments
- Experimental errors: confounding variables, spurious relationship, Type I and type II errors, confirmation bias, systemic bias, experimenter's bias, observational error, systematic bias, systematic error, experimental uncertainty analysis
- Analysis of results: statistical significance, the principle of parsimony in science, Occam's razor, instrumentalism, pragmatism in science
Models of scientific inquiry
[edit]- Models of scientific inquiry
- Demarcation problem (what is and what isn't science?)
- 1543-1700: Scientific revolution
- 1900-1950: Logical positivism
- 1930s: Falsifiability (Popper)
- 1962: Paradigm shifts vs. normal science (Kuhn)
- Strong inference: J. R. Platt, Science (1964) 146, 347–353 (JSTOR version, open-access HTML version)
Criticism of science
[edit]- Criticism of science
- Antiscience, Antireductionism
- Science wars: opposition to scientistic materialism, scientism, reductionism in science, rationalisation of society
- Scientific realism vs. philosophical realism
- Scientific skepticism vs. philosophical skepticism
- Classic mistakes: misidentified chemical elements, polywater, cyclol hypothesis, Lysenkoism, cubical atoms, plum pudding model, caloric theory, phlogiston theory, vitalism, classical elements
- Scientific misconduct: Climategate, Jan Hendrik Schön, Leo Paquette, plagiarism
- Pseudoscience