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Climate change in Luxembourg discusses the climate change issues in Luxembourg.

Luxemburg

Greenhouse gas emissions

Emissions of carbon dioxide in total, per capita in 2007 were 22.4 tons CO₂ compared to EU 27 average 7.9 tons per capita.^[1] 1990 emissions were 13 Mt CO₂_eq

Kyoto protocol target is reduction of 4 Mt (28%).^[2]

Energy use

The European primary energy use per capita was highest in 2008 in (TWh/per million): 1) Iceland 191 2) Luxembourg 98 3) Finland 77 4) Norway 72 5) Belgium 64 6) Sweden 62 7) Netherlands 56 8) Russia 56 9) Kazakhstan 53 10) Czech Republic 50 11) France 48, 12) Germany 47 13) Estonia 47 and 14) Austria 46.^[3]

Renewable Energy

Luxembourg is the EU country with the second smallest forecast penetration of renewables, with the NREAP assuming that only 12% of electricity consumption will be covered by renewables in 2020.^[4].At the end of 2010 the installed capacity of wind power covered on average 1.1% of electricity use. This is among the lowest in Europe, with only Latvia, Czech Republic, Finland, Slovakia, Slovenia and Malta generating a smaller share of their electricity from wind power. ^[5]

Mitigation and adaptation

Policies and legislation

Luxembourg is a member of the EU and thus the EU directives are binding.

Paris Agreement

The Paris agreement is a legally international agreement, it's main goal is to limit global warming to below 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.^[6] The Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC’s) are the plans to fight climate change adapted for each country. ^[7] Every party in the agreement has different targets based on it's own historical climate records and countrys circumstances and all the targets for each country are stated in their NDC.^[8]

National determined goals based on NDC's

Some goals for all members of the Paris agreement:

Limiting global warming to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C.
Climate neutral to 2050.
Reduction in emissions and of Greenhouse gases (GHG).
Increase the adaptability to the harmful effects of climate change.
Adjust the financial flows so they can be combined with reduce GHG emissions.

In the case for member countries of the European Union the goals are very similar and the European Union work with a common strategy within the paris agreement. The NDC target regarding Luxemburg against climate change and greenhouse gas emissions under the paris agreement are the following^[9]:

40% reduction in Greenhouse gas emissions until 2030, compared to 1990. This reduction are covered in these four sections;

European Union Emission Trading System
Outside the EU emissions trading system
Land use, land-use change, and forestry, (LULUCF)
Domestic institutional legislation and mitigation measure

55% reduction of Greenhouse gases by domestic binding target without contribution from international credits, until 2030 compared to 1990.
Gases covered in reduction: Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O), Hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs), Perfluorinated compound (PFCs), Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).
40% reduction of emissions from outside the the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) until 2030, compared to 2005.

Strategy to achieve NDC's

Each country has different ways to achieve the established goals depending on resources. In the case of Luxemburg and the European union the following approach is established to support the NDC’s climate change plan^[9]:

Each Member State must report land use and subsequently report compensatory measures for the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Targets for improved energy efficiency and an increased amount of renewable energy have been established. Until the year 2030, energy consumption will be improved by 32.5%.

The CO2 emission per km must be reduced by 30-37.5% depending on vehicles by 2030

Limit sales of F-gas, prohibited products and prevent emissions in existing products with F-gases. This is expected to reduce emissions of F-gases by 66% by 2030 compared to 2014.

Multiannual Financial Framework,(MFF), for 2021-2027. MFF will finance climate action, such as policies and programmes. MFF shall contribute to climate neutrality by 2050 and to achieving the 2030 climate targets.

Within the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) a cap on the maximum allowable amount of emissions i established. From year 2021 this will also be applied in aviation. The EU ETS is a important tool in EU policy to reduce Greenhouse gas emission in a cost effective way. Under the 'cap and trade' principle, a maximum (cap) is set on the total amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted by all participating installations.

With these measures Luxemburg will fight the potential climate change hoping that the figures stay inside of the expected parameters for 2050.

Belgium

Mitigation and adaptation

Policies and legislation

Being a member of the European Union, Belgium, applied the European Union Emission Trading Scheme set up by the Directive 2003/87/EC. The Kyoto protocol sets a 7.5% reduction of greenhouse gas emission target compared to 1990. Belgium set up a National Allocation Plan at the federal level with target for each of the three regions.

Paris Agreement

The Paris agreement is a legally international agreement, it's main goal is to limit global warming to below 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.^[6] The Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC’s) are the plans to fight climate change adapted for each country. ^[7] Every party in the agreement has different targets based on it's own historical climate records and countrys circumstances and all the targets for each country are stated in their NDC.^[8]

National determined goals based on NDC's

Some goals for all members of the Paris agreement:

Limiting global warming to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C.
Climate neutral to 2050.
Reduction in emissions and of Greenhouse gases (GHG).
Increase the adaptability to the harmful effects of climate change.
Adjust the financial flows so they can be combined with reduce GHG emissions.

In the case for member countries of the European Union the goals are very similar and the European Union work with a common strategy within the paris agreement. The NDC target regarding Luxemburg against climate change and greenhouse gas emissions under the paris agreement are the following^[10]:

40% reduction in Greenhouse gas emissions until 2030, compared to 1990. This reduction are covered in these four sections;

European Union Emission Trading System
Outside the EU emissions trading system
Land use, land-use change, and forestry, (LULUCF)
Domestic institutional legislation and mitigation measure

55% reduction of Greenhouse gases by domestic binding target without contribution from international credits, until 2030 compared to 1990.
Gases covered in reduction: Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O), Hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs), Perfluorinated compound (PFCs), Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).
35% reduction of emissions from outside the the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) until 2030, compared to 2005.

Strategy to achieve NDC's

Each country has different ways to achieve the established goals depending on resources. In the case of Luxemburg and the European union the following approach is established to support the NDC’s climate change plan^[10]:

Each Member State must report land use and subsequently report compensatory measures for the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Targets for improved energy efficiency and an increased amount of renewable energy have been established. Until the year 2030, energy consumption will be improved by 32.5%.

The CO2 emission per km must be reduced by 30-37.5% depending on vehicles by 2030

Limit sales of F-gas, prohibited products and prevent emissions in existing products with F-gases. This is expected to reduce emissions of F-gases by 66% by 2030 compared to 2014.

Multiannual Financial Framework,(MFF), for 2021-2027. MFF will finance climate action, such as policies and programmes. MFF shall contribute to climate neutrality by 2050 and to achieving the 2030 climate targets.

Within the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) a cap on the maximum allowable amount of emissions i established. From year 2021 this will also be applied in aviation. The EU ETS is a important tool in EU policy to reduce Greenhouse gas emission in a cost effective way. Under the 'cap and trade' principle, a maximum (cap) is set on the total amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted by all participating installations.

With these measures Belgium will fight the potential climate change hoping that the figures stay inside of the expected parameters for 2050.

On 14 November 2002, Belgium signed the Cooperation Agreement for the implementation of a National Climate Plan and reporting in the context of the UNFCCC and the Kyoto protocol. The first National Allocation Plan was for the period from 2005 to 2007. The European commission approved it on 20 October 2004. The second allocation plan was for the period 2008-2012 and aims a reduction of 7.5% of greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990.

México

Paris Agreement

The Paris agreement is a legally international agreement, it's main goal is to limit global warming to below 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.^[6] The Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC’s) are the plans to fight climate change adapted for each country. ^[7] Every party in the agreement has different targets based on it's own historical climate records and countrys circumstances and all the targets for each country are stated in their NDC.^[8]

National determined goals based on NDC's

Some goals for all members of the Paris agreement:

Limiting global warming to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C.
Climate neutral to 2050.
Reduction in emissions and of Greenhouse gases (GHG).
Increase the adaptability to the harmful effects of climate change.
Adjust the financial flows so they can be combined with reduce GHG emissions.

If the country is not in the EU, like Mexico, it has its own parameters and goals. The NDC target regarding México against climate change and greenhouse gas emissions under the paris agreement are the following ^[11]

Reach a zero-net deforestation rate by 2030.
Reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions by 22% on 2030 compared to a baseline under a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario. Greenhouse gases included are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), perfluorocarbon (PFC), hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).
Black carbon emission reduction by 51% by 2030 compared to a baseline under a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario.
Additionally, as a conditional contribution, Mexico could increase its reductions up to 36% for GHG and 70% for black carbon.

Strategy to achieve NDC's

Every country has different ways to achieve the established goals depending on his size, history and resources. In the case of México, the government have applied the following rules to support the NDC’s climate change plan <^[10]:

Encourage eco-friendly consumption practices, conservation of natural resources and a massive recuperation of biocultural landscapes.
Provide founding mechanisms that mitigate uncooperative impacts of climate change. Particullary on the primary productive sector.
Strengthen environmental strategic instruments and execute actions to preserve, restore and manage continental ecosystems, increasing their ecological connectivity.
Plan and implement measures that come up with to control desertification and enrich the soil conservation..
Deeply care of the sea conditions, implementing actions for the conservation and restoration of the seas and oceans to enhance their resilience and preserve the different ecosystems inside them.
Enforce the potable water managment, ensuring quantity and quality of water in human settlements. Also, increasing the treatment of industrial and urban wastewater, promoting hydrological environmental services, through the protection of watersheds with special attention to nature-based alternatives.

With these measures México will fight the potential climate change hoping that the figures stay inside of the expected parameters for 2050.

Germany

Paris Agreement

The Paris agreement is a legally international agreement, it's main goal is to limit global warming to below 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.^[6] The Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC’s) are the plans to fight climate change adapted for each country. ^[7] Every party in the agreement has different targets based on it's own historical climate records and countrys circumstances and all the targets for each country are stated in their NDC.^[8]

National determined goals based on NDC's

Some goals for all members of the Paris agreement:

Limiting global warming to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C.
Climate neutral to 2050.
Reduction in emissions and of Greenhouse gases (GHG).
Increase the adaptability to the harmful effects of climate change.
Adjust the financial flows so they can be combined with reduce GHG emissions.

In the case for member countries of the European Union the goals are very similar and the European Union work with a common strategy within the paris agreement. The NDC target regarding Luxemburg against climate change and greenhouse gas emissions under the paris agreement are the following^[12]:

40% reduction in Greenhouse gas emissions until 2030, compared to 1990. This reduction are covered in these four sections;

European Union Emission Trading System
Outside the EU emissions trading system
Land use, land-use change, and forestry, (LULUCF)
Domestic institutional legislation and mitigation measure

55% reduction of Greenhouse gases by domestic binding target without contribution from international credits, until 2030 compared to 1990.
Gases covered in reduction: Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O), Hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs), Perfluorinated compound (PFCs), Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).
38% reduction of emissions from outside the the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) until 2030, compared to 2005.

Strategy to achieve NDC's

Each country has different ways to achieve the established goals depending on resources. In the case of Luxemburg and the European union the following approach is established to support the NDC’s climate change plan^[12]:

Each Member State must report land use and subsequently report compensatory measures for the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Targets for improved energy efficiency and an increased amount of renewable energy have been established. Until the year 2030, energy consumption will be improved by 32.5%.

The CO2 emission per km must be reduced by 30-37.5% depending on vehicles by 2030

Limit sales of F-gas, prohibited products and prevent emissions in existing products with F-gases. This is expected to reduce emissions of F-gases by 66% by 2030 compared to 2014.

Multiannual Financial Framework,(MFF), for 2021-2027. MFF will finance climate action, such as policies and programmes. MFF shall contribute to climate neutrality by 2050 and to achieving the 2030 climate targets.

Within the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) a cap on the maximum allowable amount of emissions i established. From year 2021 this will also be applied in aviation. The EU ETS is a important tool in EU policy to reduce Greenhouse gas emission in a cost effective way. Under the 'cap and trade' principle, a maximum (cap) is set on the total amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted by all participating installations.

With these measures Germany will fight the potential climate change hoping that the figures stay inside of the expected parameters for 2050.

References

^ Energy in Sweden 2010 Archived October 16, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Table 1: Emissions of carbon dioxide in total, per capita and per GDP in EU and OECD countries, 2007
^ Wind energy and EU climate policy Achieving 30% lower emissions by 2020 EWEA October 2011 p. 39
^ IEA Key energy statistics 2010 Archived 2017-08-09 at the Wayback Machine Page: Country specific indicator numbers from page 48
^ EU Energy Policy to 2050 EWEA March 2011
^ [http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/statistics/EWEA_Annual_Statistics_2010.pdf Wind in power 2010 European statistics] EWEA February 2011
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d United Nations, United Nations Climate Change. "The Paris Agreement". unfccc.int. Retrieved 2021-05-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "NDC spotlight". UNFCCC. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Nationally Determined Contributions". unfccc. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
^ ^a ^b "The update of the nationally determined contribution of Luxemburg" (PDF). UNFCCC. 2020-12-17. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c "The update of the nationally determined contribution of Belgium" (PDF). UNFCCC. 2020-12-17. Retrieved 12 May 2021. Cite error: The named reference ":j" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ Nationally determined contributions 2020 updated UNFCCC 2020-12-17
^ ^a ^b "The update of the nationally determined contribution of Germany" (PDF). UNFCCC. 2020-12-17. Retrieved 12 May 2021.

[1] Energy in Sweden 2010 Archived October 16, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Table 1: Emissions of carbon dioxide in total, per capita and per GDP in EU and OECD countries, 2007

[2] Wind energy and EU climate policy Achieving 30% lower emissions by 2020 EWEA October 2011 p. 39

[IEA2010-3] IEA Key energy statistics 2010 Archived 2017-08-09 at the Wayback Machine Page: Country specific indicator numbers from page 48

[4] EU Energy Policy to 2050 EWEA March 2011

[5] [http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/statistics/EWEA_Annual_Statistics_2010.pdf Wind in power 2010 European statistics] EWEA February 2011

[:2-6] United Nations, United Nations Climate Change. "The Paris Agreement". unfccc.int. Retrieved 2021-05-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[:3-7] "NDC spotlight". UNFCCC. Retrieved 12 May 2021.

[:4-8] "Nationally Determined Contributions". unfccc. Retrieved 15 May 2021.

[The_update_of_the_nationally_determined_contribution_of_Luxemburg.<ref_name=-9] "The update of the nationally determined contribution of Luxemburg" (PDF). UNFCCC. 2020-12-17. Retrieved 12 May 2021.

[:j-10] "The update of the nationally determined contribution of Belgium" (PDF). UNFCCC. 2020-12-17. Retrieved 12 May 2021. Cite error: The named reference ":j" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[11] Nationally determined contributions 2020 updated UNFCCC 2020-12-17

[The_update_of_the_nationally_determined_contribution_of_Germany.<ref_name=-12] "The update of the nationally determined contribution of Germany" (PDF). UNFCCC. 2020-12-17. Retrieved 12 May 2021.

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