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Note: This is a fairly developed article already. I will mostly address how it is organized. I've begun to break up some of the sections that I believe would flow better organized in this way. I overhauled the "signs and symptoms" section because I thought it was important to emphasize the difference between physical, emotional and behavioral symptoms. I also plant rearrange and edit certain word choices in some of the existing paragraphs. I'm hoping to add an image and possibly an epidemiology map.

Description

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Mothers

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After childbirth, a mother experiences a multitude of changes, including: physical, psychological, emotional, social, and hormonal. With these changes mothers may experience a lot of added stress in their role as a parent. Postpartum depression occurs in first time mothers as well as mothers of multiple children whom have not experienced it before.[1]

Fathers

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Unemployed fathers have demonstrated greater vulnerability to developing PPD.[58] Studies have found, the lower socioeconomic status of the father, the more likely he is to develop postpartum depression increased in fathers.[58] Fathers are more likely to develop postpartum depression if their partner is suffering postpartum depression.[57]

Children

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Children with parents who have untreated postpartum depression are more prone to delays in language development, eating and sleeping difficulties, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and excessive crying.[2]

Signs and symptoms

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Emotional

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  • Persistent sadness or low mood[2]
  • Anger[3]
  • Hopelessness, helplessness[2]
  • Guilt, shame, worthlessness[2]
  • Low self-esteem[2]
  • Numbness, emptiness[4]
  • Confusion, anxiety, panic[2]
  • Exhaustion[4]
  • Inability to be comforted
  • Trouble bonding with the baby[5]

Behavioral

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  • Excessive crying[4]
  • Lack of interest or pleasure in usual activities[2]
  • Low libido[2]
  • Changes in appetite[4]
  • Fatigue, decreased energy and motivation[4]
  • Poor self-care[2]
  • Social withdrawal[2]
  • Insomnia or excessive sleep[2]

Cognition

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  • Inability to make decisions and think clearly[2]
  • Lack of concentration and poor memory[2]
  • Inability to cope with stressful situations[2]
  • Fear of being rejected by partner[2]
  • Fear for the baby and of the baby[2]
  • Worry about harming self, baby, or partner[2]

Typically, postpartum depression is considered after signs and symptoms persist for at least two weeks.[2]

Causes

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Physical and Hormonal Changes

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Lifestyle and Emotional Changes

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Epidemiology

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Worldwide, postpartum depression rates vary from 11% to 42%.[6]

In the United States, approximately one in ten mothers or on average 15% of mothers reported experiencing postpartum depression. [3] In urban, low income areas, about 56% of mothers showed symptoms of postpartum depression. [7] The reported incidence of postpartum depression in men has been estimated around 5%.[8]

References

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  1. ^ Nielsen, D.; Videbech, P.; Hedegaard, M.; Dalby, J.; Secher, N. J. (2000). "Postpartum depression: identification of women at risk". BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 107 (10): 1210–1217. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11609.x. PMID 11028570.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Postpartum Depression".
  3. ^ a b "Depression Among Women".
  4. ^ a b c d e "Postpartum depression - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
  5. ^ "The Basics of Postpartum Depression". WebMD. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
  6. ^ Ali, N. S.; Ali, B. S.; Azam, I. S. (2009). "Post partum anxiety and depression in peri-urban communities of Karachi, Pakistan: a quasi-experimental study". BMC Public Health. 9: 384. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-384. PMC 2768706. PMID 19821971.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ "Low-income Urban Mothers Have High Rate of Postpartum Depression".
  8. ^ "Men Also Get Postpartum Depression".