User:Barro1r-student/Lega people
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Article Draft
[edit] Location of the Lega people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 250,000 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Languages | |
| Lega language |
The Lega people (or Warega) are a Bantu ethnic group of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 1998 their population was about 250,000.[1]
Location
[edit]By the 1970s Lega people were mostly living in the middle and upper Elila valley and the upper Ulindi River valley.[2] These rivers both rise in the east of South Kivu and flow in a northwesterly direction through Maniema, joining the Lualaba downstream from Kindu.[3] The upper Ulindi valley has a richly diverse fauna, including many monkey species, chimpanzees, leopards, buffaloes, elephants and antelopes.[4] The valley is administratively divided into the Mwenga and Shabunda territories of South Kivu Province and the Pangi Territory of Maniema Province.[2]
The territory is covered by deep rain forest and, in the east, rugged mountains rising to 6,000 feet (1,800 m) or more. The climate is hot and humid year round. Average temperature is 75 °F (24 °C) to 80 °F (27 °C). Annual rainfall is 60 inches (1,500 mm) to 80 inches (2,000 mm). The mountains hold areas of moist woodlands as well as montane forest and grasslands. To the north and west the forest is denser and deeper. The south of the region holds mosaics of forest savannah and woodlands. All of the forest has long been inhabited by humans, who have cleared land for cultivation, then let it return to the wild. In some places the forest has not grown back but has been replaced by grassland. The forest has many plants and trees that provide food and are used for other purposes, and has abundant wildlife.[5]
Social structure
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The Lega people traditionally live in small village groups, with no central authority.[6] Within a community, a chief inherits his position on a patrilineal basis, and his close relatives have highest rank.[1] Counterbalancing this hereditary structure, the Bwami society also regulates social and political life. This society has seven levels for men and four for women and is open to all. An initiate advances through the ranks through a complex system of instruction, payment and initiation, achieving increasing status. A member of the highest level is recognized as a Kindi, a social leader with great moral authority.[6]
The Lega people are polytheistic. Their gods include Kalaga, the promiser; Kenkunga, the reassembler; Ombe, the hidden; Kaginga, the incarnation of evil. Kaginga assists sorcerers, but Bwami membership can protect an individual against the evil doings of witches.[1]
History
[edit]The Lega people originated in what is today Uganda and started to migrate from there to their present location in the 16th century. They were fierce warriors, conquering the people whose territory they entered and imposing many of their customs.[1] By the mid-1800s the Lega were surrounded by Arab / Swahili slave posts. Although none of these posts was within the Lega territory, they were constantly threatened by slave raids. For most of the period of the Congo Free State, the Lega territory was within the area that Tippu Tip and his successors had reserved. For a period two Arab agents of the Free State, Munie Chabodu and Munie Mtoro ruled the Lega and collected tribute in the form of rubber and ivory. They established towns at Micici on the Elila, Shabunda on the Ulindi, and Mulungu in the mountains.[7]
During the 1890s the Belgians fought a series of campaigns in which they drove away from the Arab slavers, and established government posts near Micici and Shabunda. They did not fully occupy the territory until the 1900s. They organized the Lega into chiefdoms, sectors, and territories, changes that were neither resisted nor welcomed by the Lega. Catholic missionaries arrived in the 1910s and the first Protestant mission was founded in 1922 in Shabunda.[8] Mining began in eastern Legaland in 1923, with further mines opened in the 1930s, employing many young Lega. Often they took a job only for a short period to earn enough money for some purpose such as Bwami initiation or marriage.[9]
In 1933 the Belgian authorities banned Bwami, and they prohibited the society again in 1948.[10] The Bwami continued underground and was officially recognized again in 1958, but by then much of the tradition of art production had been lost. Zaire became independent in 1960. The regime of Mobutu Sese Seko was harsh and corrupt, and Mobutu was eventually ousted in the First Congo War (1996-1997). This was soon followed by the Second Congo War (1998-2003) in which rebels attempted to throw out his successor, Laurent-Désiré Kabila. The Lega territory was the scene of many violent conflicts during this period.
Economy
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The Lega traditionally lived by hunting and gathering, exploiting the rich resources of the forest.[9] When possible, they roast their food. The women are in charge of cooking. If it is not raining they will cook outside on a hearth formed from slow-burning logs that support a pot over the fire. In poor weather they cook in kitchens within the long houses. The men eat as a group in the men's house, and the women eat with the young children in or outside the kitchen.[11]
The Lega villagers were forced by the colonial administration to produce manioc, bananas, and rice to feed the miners, causing considerable disruption to their lifestyle.[9] In more recent years the Lega have taken to panning for gold in the rivers and working in the iron ore mines of the region.[1]
Religion
[edit]Add stuff here
Art
[edit]Bwami masks and figures are symbols of the owner's rank within the Bwami society.[6] The objects represent moral or social values, and are used during initiation rites.[12] The Bwami works of art are often associated with proverbs, and these proverbs in conjunction with dance, poetry and song give wisdom to members of the society. Beauty, knowledge and power are intertwined.[10]
Some artwork can only be seen, handled or owned by the highest grades of the society. The objects are typically small and simple in form, and have a striking patina that derives from being handled or worn on the body. Ivory objects usually have russet or yellow patinas.[12] The masks are fairly standardized, although the most important masks with special ritual use or symbolic meaning may have distinctive design. A typical mask will have a concave heart-shaped face. The forehead protrudes slightly, the nose is narrow, eyes are slits and the mouth is slightly open. Every time a mask is used it is rubbed with white clay, over time acquiring a white patina.[6]
The Lega carve anthropomorphic figures out of wood and ivory. Some of these figures are full-figure representations, while others are just heads or busts. These distinctions of form are not meaningful to the Lega. The Lega categorize and ascribe significance to each carved figure in a way that cannot be discerned by just looking at it. If an anthropomorphic figure is removed from the Lega without making an inquiry into and record of its name and meaning, there is no way to know later how the Lega might have categorized the figure.[13]: 116
The Lega carve spoons from ivory; these spoons function both as utilitarian objects and markers of status. The term for these objects, kalukili or kakili, is also used to denote descendants or heirs, and thus the spoons ties] the act of feeding and nourishing to broader ideas of progeny and the continuity of the community.[13]: 89
half thoughts are okayu
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Spoon (Kalukili), late 19th or early 20th century. Ivory -
Symbol of bwame -
Figure (Iginga), late 19th or early 20th century. Wood, plastic beads -
Oval-shaped Face Mask, 19th or 20th century. Wood, pigment (kaolin?)
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Lega Information.
- ^ a b Biebuyck 1973, p. 3.
- ^ Blaes 2008.
- ^ Biebuyck 1973, p. 5.
- ^ Biebuyck 1973, p. 15.
- ^ a b c d Lega Bwami masks.
- ^ Biebuyck 1973, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Biebuyck 1973, p. 13.
- ^ a b c Biebuyck 1973, p. 14.
- ^ a b Major Exhibition.
- ^ Elisofon 1967.
- ^ a b Grootaers 2003.
- ^ a b Cameron, Elisabeth Lynn (2001). Art of the Lega. Los Angeles. Fowler Museum of Cultural History University of California. Los Angeles: UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History. ISBN 0-930741-87-0. OCLC 47718038.
Sources
[edit]- Biebuyck, Daniel P. (1973). Lega culture; art, initiation, and moral philosophy among a Central African people. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02085-5.
- Blaes, X. (October 2008). "Découpage administratif de la République Démocratique du Congo" (PDF). PNUD-SIG. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-04-01. Retrieved 2011-12-09.
- Elisofon, Eliot (1967). "Lega woman cooking in the open air, Mulanga village, Congo (Democratic Republic)". Smithsonian. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
- Grootaers, Jan-Lodewijk (2003). "Lega: Ethics and Beauty in the Heart of Africa". African Arts. 36: 84–96. doi:10.1162/afar.2003.36.1.84. Archived from the original on 2011-12-29. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
- "Lega Bwami masks-Congo". BuyAfricanAntiques. Archived from the original on 2011-12-29. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
- "Lega Information". University of Iowa. 3 November 1998. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
- "Major Exhibition of African Sculpture by the Lega Peoples of the Democratic Republic of Congo at UMMA Oct 16-Jan 1". University of Michigan Museum of Art. 2004. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
External links
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Media related to Barro1r-student/Lega people at Wikimedia Commons