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Proto-Austronesian
Proto-Oceanic
Proto-New Caledonia
Proto-North
Jawe
Notes
uvular *q
*q
*k
k
uvular *q
*qq(<*q(V)qV)
*kh
h
Proto-Austronesian
Proto-Oceanic
Proto-New Caledonia
Proto-North
Jawe
Notes
velar *k
*k
*c
c
velar *k
*kk (<*k(V)kV)
*ch
hy, h(i)
Proto-Austronesian
Proto-Oceanic
Proto-New Caledonia
Proto-North
Jawe
Notes
laminal *s
*s, *ns
*t̪, *nd̪
t, nd, (-l-)
laminal *s
*ss (<*s(V)sV)
*t̪h
th
Proto-Austronesian
Proto-Oceanic
Proto-New Caledonia
Proto-North
Jawe
Notes
alveolar *d (or *r)
*ṭ, *nḍ
*ṭ, *nḍ , (-l-)
t, nd, (-l-)
alveolar *d (or *r)
*ṭṭ(<*ṭ(V)ṭV)
*ṭh
th
Proto-Austronesian
Proto-Oceanic
Proto-New Caledonia
Proto-North
Jawe
Notes
dental *t
*t̪, *nd̪
*t, nd (alveolars)
c, ɲj
dental *t
*t̪t̪(<*t̪(V)t̪V)
*th (alveolar)
s
Proto-Austronesian
Proto-Oceanic
Proto-New Caledonia
Proto-North
Jawe
Notes
bilapial *p
*p
*p
p
bilapial *p
*pw
*pw
pw
bilapial *p
*pp
*ph
ph
bilapial *p
*ppw
*phw
hw
Proto-Oceanic
Proto-New Caledonia
Proto North
Jawe
Gloss
Notes
Example
Example
*kut̪a ()
kut
'rain'
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Proto-Austronesian
Proto-Oceanic
Southern Oceanic languages
Proto-New Caledonia or Southern Mainland Languages
Northern New Caledonia Languages
Jawe
Notes
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Proto-Austronesian
Proto-Oceanic
Southern Oceanic languages
Proto-New Caledonia or Southern Mainland Languages
Northern New Caledonia Languages
Jawe
Notes
Example
POc *quar 'bamboo'
Example
Example
Example
ŋgo
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Jawe Word or Phrase
Gloss
New Caledonian Similarities
Notes
ŋgo
bamboo
ŋgaa in Kumak
ca-
food
ka in Kumak
ndo or ndoo-n
leaf
nẽ in Xaracuu
njan
cord
ndan in Nemi
ŋgule-
navel
mbora- in Kumak
bound noun
yaak
fire
same in Nemi
yat and yale-
name
same in Nemi
yaec
storm wind
yavec in Nemi,
cñe-n
mother
tne-e in Nemi
ɲ̩jai- and cai-
back
ndai in Nemi
pe
stingray
pwen
turtle
mbwa-
head
mbo
smell
mwa
house
kut
rain
kula
shrimp
küic
yam
kon
sand
kaloo-
husband
hup
Montrouziera cauliflora plant
same in Kumak and Nemi
only found on New Caledonia
cii-
skin
cin
breadfruit tree
ciik
louse
ciiya
octopus
cane-
clitoris or vulva
hi-
hand
hilec
Morinda citrifolia plant
hyane-
contents
-nda
upwards
nduu-
bone
thi-
breast
thik
shellfish
(ku)raa
blood
ndalep
the Erythrina plant
the
moss
tha
bald
that
Pandanus tree
thap
coated tongue
tho and thoo-
an aigrette or a collection of feathers
cali-
a younger sibling of the same sex
hie-
older sibling of the same sex,
calik and ndalik
sea
ɲjuu-
woman's skirt
hia
yam field
hiŋ̩guk
swollen
paa-
thigh
pangu-
grandson
pun or puni-
hair or body hair
pwe-n
fruit
pwe
fishing line
hweet
old banana whose root is eaten
cani
to eat starchy food
yalu
to bail out
yalo
to sharpen
telii
to tie with a slip knot
nde
asks who?
nda
asks what?
cimwi
to squeeze or to seize or grasp
hweli
to press out
phe
to carry
kalo
to look at
koot
to stream
huli
to eat sugar cane
haloon
to marry
cai-
to bite
hina
to know
cei and hyei
to cut
hyeli
to scrape
hyoom
to swim
-nda
to go up
thii
to prick
thin
to set fire to
tho
to call
tena
to hear
sai
to pull up
phelo
to have something hot to drink
phai
to cook
hwa
hole, mouth or opening