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Proto-Austronesian Proto-Oceanic Proto-New Caledonia Proto-North Jawe Notes
uvular *q *q *k k
uvular *q *qq(<*q(V)qV) *kh h
Proto-Austronesian Proto-Oceanic Proto-New Caledonia Proto-North Jawe Notes
velar *k *k *c c
velar *k *kk (<*k(V)kV) *ch hy, h(i)
Proto-Austronesian Proto-Oceanic Proto-New Caledonia Proto-North Jawe Notes
laminal *s *s, *ns *t̪, *nd̪ t, nd, (-l-)
laminal *s *ss (<*s(V)sV) *t̪h th
Proto-Austronesian Proto-Oceanic Proto-New Caledonia Proto-North Jawe Notes
alveolar *d (or *r) *ṭ, *nḍ *ṭ, *nḍ , (-l-) t, nd, (-l-)
alveolar *d (or *r) *ṭṭ(<*ṭ(V)ṭV) *ṭh th
Proto-Austronesian Proto-Oceanic Proto-New Caledonia Proto-North Jawe Notes
dental *t *t̪, *nd̪ *t, nd (alveolars) c, ɲj
dental *t *t̪t̪(<*t̪(V)t̪V) *th (alveolar) s
Proto-Austronesian Proto-Oceanic Proto-New Caledonia Proto-North Jawe Notes
bilapial *p *p *p p
bilapial *p *pw *pw pw
bilapial *p *pp *ph ph
bilapial *p *ppw *phw hw
Proto-Oceanic Proto-New Caledonia Proto North Jawe Gloss Notes
Example Example *kut̪a() kut 'rain' Example
Example Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example Example

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Proto-Austronesian Proto-Oceanic Southern Oceanic languages Proto-New Caledonia or Southern Mainland Languages Northern New Caledonia Languages Jawe Notes
Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example Example Example


Proto-Austronesian Proto-Oceanic Southern Oceanic languages Proto-New Caledonia or Southern Mainland Languages Northern New Caledonia Languages Jawe Notes
Example POc *quar 'bamboo' Example Example Example ŋgo Example
Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example Example Example


Jawe Word or Phrase Gloss New Caledonian Similarities Notes
ŋgo bamboo ŋgaa in Kumak
ca- food ka in Kumak
ndo or ndoo-n leaf nẽ in Xaracuu
njan cord ndan in Nemi
ŋgule- navel mbora- in Kumak bound noun
yaak fire same in Nemi
yat and yale- name same in Nemi
yaec storm wind yavec in Nemi,
cñe-n mother tne-e in Nemi
ɲ̩jai- and cai- back ndai in Nemi
pe stingray
pwen turtle
mbwa- head
mbo smell
mwa house
kut rain
kula shrimp
küic yam
kon sand
kaloo- husband
hup Montrouziera cauliflora plant same in Kumak and Nemi only found on New Caledonia
cii- skin
cin breadfruit tree
ciik louse
ciiya octopus
cane- clitoris or vulva
hi- hand
hilec Morinda citrifolia plant
hyane- contents
-nda upwards
nduu- bone
thi- breast
thik shellfish
(ku)raa blood
ndalep the Erythrina plant
the moss
tha bald
that Pandanus tree
thap coated tongue
tho and thoo- an aigrette or a collection of feathers
cali- a younger sibling of the same sex
hie- older sibling of the same sex,
calik and ndalik sea
ɲjuu- woman's skirt
hia yam field
hiŋ̩guk swollen
paa- thigh
pangu- grandson
pun or puni- hair or body hair
pwe-n fruit
pwe fishing line
hweet old banana whose root is eaten
cani to eat starchy food
yalu to bail out
yalo to sharpen
telii to tie with a slip knot
nde asks who?
nda asks what?
cimwi to squeeze or to seize or grasp
hweli to press out
phe to carry
kalo to look at
koot to stream
huli to eat sugar cane
haloon to marry
cai- to bite
hina to know
cei and hyei to cut
hyeli to scrape
hyoom to swim
-nda to go up
thii to prick
thin to set fire to
tho to call
tena to hear
sai to pull up
phelo to have something hot to drink
phai to cook
hwa hole, mouth or opening
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