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DDD is the transport of a complete road vehicle, accompanied by the driver, using another mode of transport (for example ferry or train).[1] This form of intermodal passenger transport has been, and still is, relatively common in Europe, where accompanied road vehicles have been transported by air in the past, and are still frequently transported by either rail or water.
Accompanied combined transport by air
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Carvair_and_ambassador_at_bristol_airport_1965_arp.jpg/220px-Carvair_and_ambassador_at_bristol_airport_1965_arp.jpg)
Between 1948 and about 1980, there were several routes in Europe on which accompanied road vehicles were carried by aircraft, initially with the Bristol Type 170 Freighter, and then with the Aviation Traders ATL-98 Carvair. [2]
Accompanied combined transport by rail
[edit]Introduction
[edit]There are three basic types of rail service on which accompanied road vehicles may be carried:
- A car shuttle train is a train used to transport cars, or automobiles, and usually also other types of road vehicle, a relatively short distance while accompanied by their occupants. This type of rail service usually transports accompanied road vehicles through a rail tunnel connecting two places not easily accessible to each other by road.
- A motorail service is a passenger train, on which passengers can take their car or automobile along with them on their journey. Passengers are carried in normal passenger cars or in sleeping cars on longer journeys, while the cars or automobiles are loaded into autoracks, car carriers, or flatcars.
- A rolling highway (originating from the German designation Rollende Autobahn, also known as Rollende Landstrasse ("rolling country road"), abbreviated RoLa), is a combined transport system used to transport trucks or lorries by rail, accompanied by their drivers travelling in a passenger car with seats or beds.
The following examples of rail services involving accompanied combined transport are presently confined to car shuttle trains.
Car shuttle trains
[edit]Austria
[edit]- Böckstein (Salzburg) – Mallnitz-Obervellach (Carinthia): Autoschleuse Tauernbahn (ÖBB)
France – United Kingdom
[edit]Accompanied road vehicles are carried in closed railway wagons through the Channel Tunnel between Sangatte (Pas-de-Calais, France) and Cheriton (Kent, United Kingdom).
Germany
[edit]The DB AutoZug SyltShuttle transports road vehicles on railway wagons over the Hindenburgdamm from Niebüll to Westerland in Sylt (or in the opposite direction).
Switzerland
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BLS_Autoverlad.jpg/220px-BLS_Autoverlad.jpg)
The following car shuttle trains (Swiss German: Autoverlad) operate in Switzerland (mostly through tunnels):
- Andermatt (UR) - Sedrun (GR): Oberalp (MGB)
- Brig (VS) - Iselle (Italy): Simplon (SBB)
- Kandersteg (BE) - Goppenstein (VS): Lötschberg (no road connection) (BLS)
- Kandersteg (BE) - Iselle (Italien): Lötschberg und Simplon (BLS)
- Oberwald (VS) - Realp (UR): Furka (MGB)
- Selfranga (GR) - Sagliains (GR): Vereina Tunnel (instead of the drive over the Flüelapass) (RhB)
- Thusis (GR) - Samedan (GR): Albula (as an alternative to the Julierpass) (RhB)
Up until the opening of the Gotthard Road Tunnel in 1980, there was also a car shuttle train through the Gotthard Rail Tunnel between Göschenen und Airolo. Following the catastrophic fire in the road tunnel on 24 October 2001, this car shuttle train resumed operations for a few weeks.[3]
Accompanied combined transport by water
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/SRN4_Hovercraft_Mountbatten_Class.jpg/220px-SRN4_Hovercraft_Mountbatten_Class.jpg)
Car ferry
[edit]Hovercraft
[edit]Between 1968 and 2000, several hovercraft services transported accompanied road vehicles between Calais in France and either Dover or Ramsgate in the United Kingdom.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Economic Commission for Europe (UN) (2001). Terminology on Combined Transport (PDF). New York and Geneva: Economic Commission for Europe (UN), European Conference of Ministers of Transport and European Commission. p. 21. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
- ^ France for Freebooters Retrieved 2010-07-02.
- ^ Media release UVEK: Official reopening of the Gotthard Road Tunnel (in German)
East Timor tourism refs
[edit]Other East Timor refs
[edit]General
[edit]- Duapuluh Tahun Timor Timur Membangun = Twenty Years of Development in East Timor (in Indonesian and English). Dili: Korps Pegawai Republik Indonesia Propinsi Timor Timur = Indonesian Civil Servants Corps East Timor Province. February 1996. OCLC 68543593.
- Arena magazine on East Timor
- Australian Army Pre Deployment Handbook (2011)
- AQUASTAT Country Profile – Timor-Leste (PDF) (Report). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
- Indonesia Membangun [Indonesia Builds] (in Indonesian and English). Vol. 4. Jakarta: Dumas Sari Warna. 1988. p. 565. OCLC 833614825.
- Project Document UNDP-GEF-AusAid Enabling Activities Project: Initial National Communication under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change for Timor-Leste (PDF) (Report). Dili: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). August 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
- Liu, D.; Liu, H.; Wang, X.; Kremere, E., eds. (2019). World Small Hydropower Development Report 2019: Asia Oceania (PDF) (Report). Vienna / Hangzhou: United Nations Industrial Development Organization; International Center on Small Hydro Power. ISSN 2706-7599. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
- Pedersen, Jon; Arneberg, Marie (1999). Social and Economic Conditions in East Timor (PDF) (Report). New York: International Conflict Resolution Program School of International and Public Affairs Columbia University / Oslo: Fafo Institute of Applied Social Science. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- Timor-Leste Ecology and Nature Protection Guide. Vol. 1. Washington DC: International Business Publications USA. 2011. ISBN 9781433073670.
- USAid Investment Opportunity Assessment for Timor-Leste May 2005
- "W3C/TimorNet. An Information Service on East Timor". University of Coimbra. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
Specific
[edit]Agriculture:
- Sanyu Consultants Inc (July 2002). The Study on Integrated Agricultural Development of East Timor: Development Plan Report (Report). Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- Sanyu Consultants Inc (November 2011). The Study on Project for Promotion of Agribusiness in Timor-Leste: Final Report (Master Plan) (Report). Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). RDD JR 11-092. Retrieved 14 July 2022. (two pdf files)
- Sanyu Consultants Inc (June 2015). Project for Agriculture Master Plan and Irrigation Development Plan: Final Report (Report). Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). RDD JR 15-038. Retrieved 14 July 2022. (two pdf files)
- Also: Sanyu Consultants Inc (June 2015). Project for Agriculture Master Plan and Irrigation Development Plan: Final Report (Appendix) (Part 1) (PDF) (Report). Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). RDD JR 15-038. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
- Also: Sanyu Consultants Inc (June 2015). Project for Agriculture Master Plan and Irrigation Development Plan: Final Report (Appendix) (Part 2) (PDF) (Report). Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). RDD JR 15-038. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
- Also: Sanyu Consultants Inc (June 2015). Project for Agriculture Master Plan and Irrigation Development Plan: Final Report (Appendix) (Part 3) (PDF) (Report). Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). RDD JR 15-038. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
- Also: Sanyu Consultants Inc (June 2015). Project for Agriculture Master Plan and Irrigation Development Plan: Final Report (Appendix) (Part 4) (PDF) (Report). Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). RDD JR 15-038. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
- Also: Sanyu Consultants Inc (June 2015). Project for Agriculture Master Plan and Irrigation Development Plan: Final Report (Appendix) (Part 5) (PDF) (Report). Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). RDD JR 15-038. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
- Also: Sanyu Consultants Inc (19 October 2012), Record of Discussions on Project for Agriculture Master Plan and Irrigation Development Plan (PDF), Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), retrieved 14 July 2022
Dili to Baucau Highway Project:
- Completion report here
- Simplified Environmental Impact Statement / Initial Enviornmental Examination here
South coast freeway and Tasi Mane:
- Barker, Anne; Barnett, Michael (21 July 2019). "Oil and gas is Timor-Leste's ticket to prosperity. Is this impoverished nation blowing its one chance?". ABC News. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
Fishing:
- Gokkon, Basten (24 February 2021). "When seas turn rough, gleaning keeps the fish on the table for some communities". Mongabay. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
(also Atauro)
Tara Bandu:
- Bhattacharya, Bikash Kumar (26 October 2018). "Timor-Leste: Maubere tribes revive customary law to protect the ocean". Mongabay. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
- ————————————— (31 October 2018). "Timor-Leste: Q&A with a Maubere fisherman on reviving depleted fisheries". Mongabay. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
- ————————————— (8 November 2018). "Timor-Leste: With sacrifice and ceremony, tribe sets eco rules". Mongabay. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
- Collett, Richard (20 May 2021). "East Timor: A young nation reviving ancient laws". BBC Travel. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
(also Fishing, Atauro)
- Mills, David J.; Tilley, Alex (2019). Exploring options to improve livelihoods and resource management in Timor-Leste’s coastal communities: Final Report (PDF). Canberra, ACT: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). ISBN 9781925747225.
Water supply and sanitation (includes list of other refs):
- Costin, Graham; Powell, Bronwyn (2006). Situation Analysis Report: Timor Leste (PDF) (Report). Brisbane: Australian Water Research Facility. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
Notes
[edit]- ^ Allis, Thiago; Santos, Maria Helena Mattos Barbosa dos (2016). "Chapter 6: Tourism in East Timor: Post-Conflict Perspectives". In Pappas, Nikolaos; Bregoli, Ilenia (eds.). Global Dynamics in Travel, Tourism, and Hospitality. Advances in Hospitality, Tourism, and the Service Industry (AHTSI) Book Series. Hershey, PA, USA: Business Science Reference. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-0201-2.ch006. ISBN 9781522502029.
- ^ Bolton, Sally (17 March 2016). "Going Off-Grid in Timor-Leste". www.linkedin.com. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
- ^ Burgess, Mia (3 July 2017). "Discovering Timor-Leste". Knowing | Swinburne University | Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
- ^ da Costa, Felisberto Fernandes (31 December 2021). "Benefits and Challenges for International Tourists visiting Dili,Timor-Leste". Lafaek News. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- ^ Currie, Sara (20 December 2016). "Beautiful one day, untouched the next". Inside Story. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
- ^ —————— (2018). "Beyond a 3s Approach to Marketing Island Nations? Destination Marketing and Experiences from Timor-Leste" (PDF). The Contemporary Pacific. 30 (2). Retrieved 21 February 2022.
- ^ Edyvane, Karen (9 December 2021). "From fishing to 'whale spotting' in Subaun: Citizen science, local knowledge and partnerships combine to make unique whale watching in Timor-Leste". Tourism Timor-Leste. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- ^ Kennedy, David (19 September 2004). "Unspoiled nature awaits visitors to East Timor". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
- ^ Quintas, José Filipe Dias (March 2016). Sustainable Tourism and Alternative Livelihood Development on Ataúro Island, Timor-Leste, Through Pro-poor, Community-based Ecotourism (PDF) (Masters thesis). Darwin: Charles Darwin University. p. 45. OCLC 952179195. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
- ^ Rose, Michael (25 June 2019). "It's about access: tourism in Timor-Leste". Devpolicy Blog from the Development Policy Centre. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
- ^ ——————— (17 July 2019). "A tale of four airports: aviation in Timor-Leste". Devpolicy Blog from the Development Policy Centre. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
- ^ Vong, Manuel; Pinto, Patrícia; Silva, João Albino (2020). "Chapter 8: Different Type of Residents, Different Type of Attitudes? The Case of Tourism Development in East Timor". In Pinto, Patrícia; Guerreiro, Manuela (eds.). Handbook of Research on Resident and Tourist Perspectives on Travel Destinations. Advances in Hospitality, Tourism, and the Service Industry (AHTSI) Book Series. Hershey, PA, USA: IGI Global. pp. 166–190. doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-3156-3.ch008. ISBN 9781799831570.
- ^ "TIMOR-LESTE | EAST TIMOR Official Tourism & Travel Guide". Tourism Timor-Leste. 16 September 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
- ^ Timor-Leste National Tourism Policy: Growing Tourism to 2030 – Enhancing a National Identity (Report). Government of Timor-Leste. 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
- ^ Timor-Leste Strategic Development Plan 2011-2030 (Report). Government of Timor-Leste. 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
- ^ Timor-Leste Tourism Barometer 2018 (PDF) (Report). San Francisco: The Asia Foundation. 2018. pp. 13–14. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^ "Visit Oé-Cusse". Visit Oé-Cusse. Retrieved 22 February 2022.