User:Babbage/Formatting Syntax
This is a collection of Wiki markup for grammatical stuff; just for my own reference.
Swedish Noun Declension
[edit]| Singular | Plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite form | Definite form | Indefinite form | Definite form | |
| Nominative | fisk | fisken | fiskar | fiskarna |
| Genitive | fisks | fiskens | fiskars | fiskarnas |
{| class="wikitable" |- ! rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! ''Indefinite form'' ! ''Definite form'' ! ''Indefinite form'' ! ''Definite form'' |- ! ''Nominative'' | fisk | fisken | fiskar | fiskarna |- ! ''Genitive'' | fisks | fiskens | fiskars | fiskarnas |}
Nafaanra Aligned Sentence
[edit]- mùùrà kà ní čàà mè gbú mè é nyìè tɛ́ɛ́ mè kí lóó
- story some I want and-FUTURE beat and-FUTURE your ear put and-FUTURE it hear
- I want to tell a story for you to hear.
* {{unicode|mùùrà kà ní čàà mè gbú mè é nyìè tɛ́ɛ́ mè kí lóó}}{{audio|muura.ogg| }} :story some I want and-<small>FUTURE</small> beat and-<small>FUTURE</small> your ear put and-<small>FUTURE</small> it hear :''I want to tell a story for you to hear.''
Gbe Language Family Comparative Examples
[edit]| Kɔ̀jó má xɔ̀ kátikáti lɔ́ | Kojo NEG buy kite DET | Kojo did not buy the kite | (Gungbe) |
| Kɔ̀kú má ná xɔ̀ àsɔ́n ɔ́ | Koku NEG FUT buy crab DET | Koku will not buy the crab | (Fongbe) |
| Kɔ̀kú ná xɔ̀ àsɔ́n ɔ́ ã | Koku FUT buy crab DET NEG | Koku will not buy the crab | (Fongbe) |
| Kòfi mé ɖù nú ò | Kofi NEG eat thing NEG | Kofi did not eat | (Ewegbe) |
<div style="margin-left:18px">
{|
|+ style="border-bottom:2px dotted #CCCCCC; text-align:left" | ''Sentential negation'' <small>(examples adapted from Aboh 2003 unpublished handout)</small>
|style="padding-right:10px"| Kɔ̀jó '''má''' xɔ̀ kátikáti lɔ́ ||style="padding-right:10px"| Kojo <small>NEG</small> buy kite <small>DET</small> ||style="padding-right:10px"| ''Kojo did not buy the kite'' ||style="padding-right:10px"| (Gungbe)
|-
| Kɔ̀kú '''má''' ná xɔ̀ àsɔ́n ɔ́ || Koku <small>NEG FUT</small> buy crab <small>DET</small> || ''Koku will not buy the crab'' || (Fongbe)
|-
| Kɔ̀kú ná xɔ̀ àsɔ́n ɔ́ '''ã''' || Koku <small>FUT</small> buy crab <small>DET NEG</small> || ''Koku will not buy the crab'' || (Fongbe)
|-
| Kòfi '''mé''' ɖù nú '''ò''' || Kofi <small>NEG</small> eat thing <small>NEG</small> || ''Kofi did not eat'' || (Ewegbe)
|}
</div>
Classical vs Vulgar Latin Right-side Chart
[edit]| Classical Latin | |
|---|---|
| Nominative: | rosa |
| Accusative: | rosam |
| Genitive: | rosae |
| Dative: | rosae |
| Ablative: | rosā |
| Vulgar Latin | |
| Nominative: | rosa |
| Accusative: | rosa |
| Genitive: | rose |
| Dative: | rose |
| Ablative: | rosa |
{| font="Arial Unicode MS" align="right" style="margin: 2px; margin-left: 12px;" ! Classical Latin |- |Nominative:||''rosa'' |- |Accusative:||''rosam'' |- |Genitive:||''rosae'' |- |Dative:||''rosae'' |- |Ablative:||''rosā'' |- ! Vulgar Latin |- |Nominative:||''rosa'' |- |Accusative:||''rosa'' |- |Genitive:||''rose'' |- |Dative:||''rose'' |- |Ablative:||''rosa'' |}
Table of Annotated Lines from the Lusiads
[edit]- Excerpt from «The Lusiads» (I, 33)
| Translation | Original | IPA (EP pronunciation) | IPA (BP pronunciation) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Against him stood beautiful Venus | Sustentava contra ele Vénus bela, | suʃtẽˈtavɐ ˈkõtɾɐ ˈelɨ ˈvɛnuʒ ˈbɛlɐ | sustẽʲˈtava ˈkõtɾa ˈeli ˈvẽnus ˈbɛla |
| Affectionate for the Lusitanian people, | Afeiçoada à gente Lusitana, | ɐfɐi̯su̯ˈaða ˈʒẽtɨ luziˈtɐnɐ | afeisoˈada a ˈʒẽʲtʲi luziˈtɜ̃na |
| For all the qualities she saw in them | Por quantas qualidades via nela | puɾ ˈku̯ɐ̃tɐʃ ku̯ɐliˈðaðɨʒ ˈviɐ ˈnɛlɐ | pux ˈkwɜ̃tas kwaliˈdadʲis ˈvia ˈnɛla |
| Of her beloved old Roman folk; | Da antiga tão amada sua Romana; | dãˈtigɐ tɐ̃ũ ̯ ɐˈmaðɐ ˈsuɐ ʁuˈmɐnɐ | da ˈɜ̃tʲiga tɜ̃w̃ aˈmada ˈsua xõˈmɜ̃na |
| In the strong hearts, in the great star, | Nos fortes corações, na grande estrela, | nuʃ ˈfɔɾtɨʃ kuɾɐˈsõĩ ̯ʃ nɐ ˈgɾɐ̃dɨʃˈtɾelɐ | nus ˈfɔxtʲis kɔɾaˈsõj̃s, na gɾɜ̃dʲi esˈtɾela |
| That they had shown in the lands of Tangiers, | Que mostraram na terra Tingitana, | kɨ muʃˈtɾaɾɐ̃ũ ̯ nɐ ˈtɛʁɐ tĩʒiˈtɐnɐ | ki mɔsˈtɾaɾɜ̃w̃ na ˈtɛxa tʲĩʲʒiˈtɜ̃na |
| And in their language, which when she imagines, | E na língua, na qual quando imagina, | i nɐ ˈlĩgu̯ɐ nɐ ku̯aɫ ˈku̯ɐ̃du̯imɐˈʒinɐ | i na ˈlĩgwa, na kwaw ˈkwɜ̃du imaˈʒĩna |
| With little strain she can believe is the Latin tongue. | Com pouca corrupção crê que é a Latina. | kõ ˈpokɐ kuʁupˈsɐ̃ũ ̯ kɾe ki̯ɛ ɐ lɐˈtinɐ | kõ ˈpowka koxupˈsɜ̃w̃ kɾe ki ɛ a laˈtʲĩna |
;''Excerpt from «[[The Lusiad]]s» (I, 33)'' {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode" |- !bgcolor=#EEEEEE|Translation !bgcolor=#EEEEEE|Original !bgcolor=#EEEEEE|[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] ([[European Portuguese|EP]] pronunciation) !bgcolor=#EEEEEE|[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] ([[Brazilian Portuguese|BP]] pronunciation) |-ẽ |Against him stood beautiful Venus |Sustentava contra ele Vénus bela, |{{IPA|suʃtẽˈtavɐ ˈkõtɾɐ ˈelɨ ˈvɛnuʒ ˈbɛlɐ}} ||{{IPA|sustẽʲˈtava ˈkõtɾa ˈeli ˈvẽnus ˈbɛla}} |- |Affectionate for the Lusitanian people, |Afeiçoada à gente Lusitana, |{{IPA|ɐfɐi̯su̯ˈaða ˈʒẽtɨ luziˈtɐnɐ}} |{{IPA|afeisoˈada a ˈʒẽʲtʲi luziˈtɜ̃na}} |- |For all the qualities she saw in them |Por quantas qualidades via nela |{{IPA|puɾ ˈku̯ɐ̃tɐʃ ku̯ɐliˈðaðɨʒ ˈviɐ ˈnɛlɐ}} |{{IPA|pux ˈkwɜ̃tas kwaliˈdadʲis ˈvia ˈnɛla}} |- |Of her beloved old Roman folk; |Da antiga tão amada sua Romana; |{{IPA|dãˈtigɐ tɐ̃ũ ̯ ɐˈmaðɐ ˈsuɐ ʁuˈmɐnɐ}} |{{IPA|da ˈɜ̃tʲiga tɜ̃w̃ aˈmada ˈsua xõˈmɜ̃na}} |- |In the strong hearts, in the great star, |Nos fortes corações, na grande estrela, |{{IPA|nuʃ ˈfɔɾtɨʃ kuɾɐˈsõĩ ̯ʃ nɐ ˈgɾɐ̃dɨʃˈtɾelɐ}} |{{IPA|nus ˈfɔxtʲis kɔɾaˈsõj̃s, na gɾɜ̃dʲi esˈtɾela}} |- |That they had shown in the lands of Tangiers, |Que mostraram na terra Tingitana, |{{IPA|kɨ muʃˈtɾaɾɐ̃ũ ̯ nɐ ˈtɛʁɐ tĩʒiˈtɐnɐ}} |{{IPA|ki mɔsˈtɾaɾɜ̃w̃ na ˈtɛxa tʲĩʲʒiˈtɜ̃na}} |- |And in their language, which when she imagines, |E na língua, na qual quando imagina, |{{IPA|i nɐ ˈlĩgu̯ɐ nɐ ku̯aɫ ˈku̯ɐ̃du̯imɐˈʒinɐ}} |{{IPA|i na ˈlĩgwa, na kwaw ˈkwɜ̃du imaˈʒĩna}} |- |With little strain she can believe is the Latin tongue. |Com pouca corrupção crê que é a Latina. |{{IPA|kõ ˈpokɐ kuʁupˈsɐ̃ũ ̯ kɾe ki̯ɛ ɐ lɐˈtinɐ}} |{{IPA|kõ ˈpowka koxupˈsɜ̃w̃ kɾe ki ɛ a laˈtʲĩna}} |}
Russian Noun Declension Russian grammar
[edit]First Declension - Masculine Nouns
Nouns ending in a consonant are marked in the following table with -0- (thus no ending).
Singular Nominative -0- -ь -й -ий Genitive -а -я -я -ия Dative -у -ю -ю -ию Accusative -0- / -а -ь / -я -й / -я -ий / ия Instrumental -ом -ем (3) -ем (3) -ием Prepositional -е -е -е -ии
Plural Nominative -ы (1) -и -и -ии Genitive -ов (2) -ей -ев (3) -иев Dative -ам -ям -ям -иям Accusative -ы (1)/ ов -и / ей -и / ев (3) -ии / иев Instrumental -ами -ями -ями -иями Prepositional -ах -ях -ях -иях
'''First Declension - Masculine Nouns''' Nouns ending in a consonant are marked in the following table with -0- (thus no ending). Singular Nominative -0- -ь -й -ий Genitive -а -я -я -ия Dative -у -ю -ю -ию Accusative -0- / -а -ь / -я -й / -я -ий / ия Instrumental -ом -ем (3) -ем (3) -ием Prepositional -е -е -е -ии Plural Nominative -ы (1) -и -и -ии Genitive -ов (2) -ей -ев (3) -иев Dative -ам -ям -ям -иям Accusative -ы (1)/ ов -и / ей -и / ев (3) -ии / иев Instrumental -ами -ями -ями -иями Prepositional -ах -ях -ях -иях