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A Karnay metal trumpet, dating to c. 500 BCE of the Achaemenid Empire

The Achaemenid Empire, a major state of ancient Iran, lasted from 550 BCE to 330 BCE, in which music played a prominent role.

"Like earlier periods, extremely little contemporary information on the music of the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE) exists. Most knowledge on the Achaemenid musical culture comes from Greek historians. In his Histories, Herodotus noted that Achaemenid priests did not use aulos music in their ceremonies, while Xenophon reflected on his visit to Persia in the Cyropaedia, mentioning the presence of many female singers at court. Athenaeus also mentions female singers when noting that 329 of them had been taken from the King of Kings Darius III by Macedonian general Parmenion. Later Persian texts assert that gōsān poet-musician minstrels were prominent and of considerable status in court."

Persian traditional music seems to have first begun during this era... it was later developed into a golden age of Sasanian music.

References

Sources

Books

• Farhat, Hormoz (2004). The Dastgah Concept in Persian Music. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54206-7.
• Jacobs, Bruno (2021). "Poetry, Music, and Dance". In Jacobs, Bruno; Rollinger, Robert (eds.). A Companion To The Achaemenid Persian Empire. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Vol. 2. Hoboken: Wiley. pp. 1417–1422. ISBN 978-1-119-07165-5.
• Lawergren, Bo (2000). "Strings". In So, Jenny F. (ed.). Music in the Age of Confucius. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 65–86. ISBN 978-0-295-97953-3.
• Zonis, Ella (1973). Classical Persian Music: An Introduction. Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-674-13435-5.

Articles

• Blum, Stephen (2001b). "Central Asia". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05284. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
• Boyce, Mary (1957). "The Parthian Gōsān and Iranian Minstrel Tradition". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 89 (1–2). Cambridge University Press: 10–45. doi:10.1017/S0035869X0010735X. JSTOR 25201987. S2CID 161761104.
• Lawergren, Bo; Farhat, Hormoz; Blum, Stephen (2001). "Iran". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13895. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  • Lawergren, Bo (2001). "I. Pre-Islamic". In Lawergren, Farhat & Blum (2001).
• Lawergren, Bo (2003). "Western Influences on the Early Chinese Qin-Zither" (PDF). Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities. 75: 79–109.
• Miller, Lloyd (2012). Music and Song in Persia: The Art of Avaz. Abingdon-on-Thames: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-81487-7.

Further reading

B. Lawergren: 'To Tune a String: Dichotomies and Diffusions between the Near and Far East', Vltra Terminvm Vagari: studi in onore di Carl Nylander, ed. B. Magnusson and others (Rome, 1997), 175–192