User:AusPolSci/SB/Attorney-General
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF AUSTRALIA
[edit]Introduction:
[edit]From duelling for honor to constitutional crisis, the attorney-general of Australia (AG) evolution has been stressed by the duality of being both a political position and the first law officer of the nation. The role is performed by a member of government who, by convention, is a member of cabinet and a lawyer.[1]
The attorney-general is one of only four positions in the Commonwealth Government to have continuously been held since federation, along with the Prime Minister, the Minister for Defence and the Treasurer.[2]
LJ King wrote in the Western Australian Law Review in October 2000;
“…a special responsibility for the rule of law and the integrity of the legal system which transcends, and may at times be in conflict with political exigencies, the Attorney-General has the unique role in government of being the political guardian of the administration of justice”[3]
The attorney-general’s portfolio is responsible for: legal services; national security and criminal law; integrity and anti-corruption matters; the Commonwealth justice system including courts, tribunals, justice policy and legal assistance; regulation and reform; protecting and promoting human rights; and support for Commonwealth royal commissions.[4]
The primacy of the Attorney General as protector of the rule of law owes its origin to the Magna Carta's role in making everyone, including the king subject to the Law. Australia's connection to this is exemplified by Australia owning one of the four 1297 Magna Carta scrolls created. It was the 1297 Magna Carta, also known as the "Great Charter" that was first enshrined as common law.[6]
SEMINAL EVENTS THAT SHAPED THE ROLE OF ATTORNEY GENERAL IN AUSTRALIA
[edit]History & Controversy & Milestones
[edit]Duel by the first Attorney General
[edit]The power & politics inherent in the role guarantees controversy and colour. This was exemplified by Saxe Bannister, the first colonial attorney-general having a three shot duel with Dr Robert Wardell. Wardell had been beaten by Bannister in obtaining the attorney-general role and went on to be a founder and editor of the Australian, the colonies first uncensored newspaper[7]. It was Wardell's slanderous words in the newspaper that led to Bannister calling Wardell 'the scum of London' in open court which triggered a duel for honor. After three shots were fired on each side without effect, Wardell's apology was accepted.[8]
Stalemate - Attorney General equal with Solicitor General; there can only be one number one.
[edit]Second to the attorney-general is the nation’s second law officer, the solicitor-general. It was the absence of this hierarchy that caused a crisis in 1893. The Crimes Act (Vic 1890) made the attorney-general and solicitor-general equal with regards to the power to enter a nolle prosequi (cease a prosecution).
The 1890's saw a large property bubble burst and the fledgling economy was at serious risk of a crash. The government and cabinet were concerned about the contagion that could arise if the colony was seen as a risky and unfriendly place to invest. A lengthy trial and prosecution of high profile directors of Mercantile Bank would likely scare off investors from England.
A crisis ensued when the attorney-general (Sir Bryan O'Loghlen, Bt) was supportive of using his powers to not prosecute but the solicitor-general (Sir Isaac Isaacs GCB, GCMG, PC, KC) believed political concerns should not influence decisions to prosecute.
capital was suffering the attorney-general (Sir Bryan O'Loghlen, Bt) and cabinet didn't want fraud charges to be prosecuted against banking executives. The solicitor-general (Sir Isaac Isaacs GCB, GCMG, PC, KC) resisted political pressure and said he would not support the cessation of the prosecutions.
This legal stalemate threatened to create enormous problems in the fledgling economy, with the government concerned about the the ramifications for investor & consumer confidence. While the attorney-general was happy to put these political consequences ahead of the rule of law, the solicitor-general was not.
The crisis was averted when the solicitor-general (Sir Isaac Isaacs GCB, GCMG, PC, KC) resigned from both his role as solicitor-general and as the member for Bogong. [9]
Notably Sir Isaac Isaacs went onto to be elected to the first federal Parliament in 1901, appointed as Attorney General in 1905 and a High Court judge in 1906.[10]
The Dismissal of the Whitlam Government and the Shawcross Principle.
[edit]
The Shawcross principle named after the English Attorney-General of the time, Sir Hartley Shawcross. Shawcross established the principle that the attorney-generals decision to prosecute should be made by the attorney-general alone, independent of political considerations.
The Shawcross principle played a pivotal role in Australias' biggest constitutional crisis which saw the Governor General use special reserved powers to dismiss the government. The election that followed saw the opposition Liberal government elected and the incoming attorney-general, Robert Ellicott, supporting a private prosecution raised against the former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, Senator Lional Murphy, the former attorney-general and others.
Malcolm Fraser who became Prime Minister after the dismissal of the Whitlam government thought the country couldn’t handle anymore upheaval following the unprecedented dismissal of a sitting government. Fraser told his attorney-general, Robert Ellicott to cease the prosecution, however Ellicot thought to do so would be, to be directed by political concerns which would break the Shawcross principle.
Ellicot's position became untenable and he resigned.
Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions is created
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The biggest change in the attorney-general role since federation was the creation of the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecution (CDPP) in 1983/84.
The recommendations from two controversial Royal Commissions, the Costigan Royal Commission into the Painters and Dockers Union and the Stewart Royal Commission into Drug Trafficking
an independent occurred in the wake of the Ellicot resignation and Shawcross and wanted Ellicott to stop the prosecutions. Ellicot resigned as Attorney General paving the way for Fraser to appoint someone who would not support the prosecutions.
Legislate the Shawcross Principle & give the Attorney Generals power to an independent agency.
[edit]Senator Lional Murphy, the former Attorney-General of the Commonwealth, and
Gareth Evans, the attorney-general responsible for the creation of the CDPP stated its creation was an "important and historic development in the law and practice governing the prosecution of offences against Commonwealth law. The Bill establishes an Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions with the main functions of conducting Commonwealth prosecutions and exercising discretions in relation to prosecutions."
It will interlock with the setting up of the National Crime Authority under the National Crime Authority Bill
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"Copy Of Magna Carta For Australia." Times, 25 Oct. 1952, p. 8. The Times Digital Archive, link-gale-com.ezproxy.slq.qld.gov.au/apps/doc/CS135352153/TTDA?u=slq&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=02712397. Accessed 4 Dec. 2024.
Magna Carta Statutes for 1297 edition https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/The_Statutes_of_the_Realm_Vol_1_%281101-1377%29.pdf#page=290
(₤stg 12,500)
£12,500
https://julianharrison.typepad.com/.a/6a013488b55a86970c01b7c7be08dd970b-pi
This was issued on 9 October 1297 under the attestation not of the king, Edward I, who was then in Flanders, but of the regent, his thirteen year old son Edward (the future Edward II)
https://bsswebsite.me.uk/History/MagnaCarta/magnacarta-1297.html
Given at Westminster, the eleventh day of February, in the ninth year of our reign.”
Witness, Edward our son, at Westminster, the twelfth day of October, in the twenty-fifth year of our reign.
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The Times Magna Carta[11]
- TitleCopy Of Magna Carta For Australia
- DateSaturday, Oct. 25, 1952
- Issue Number52452
- Page Number8
- Place of PublicationLondon, England
- LanguageEnglish
- Document TypeArticle
- Publication SectionNews
- Source LibraryTimes Newspapers Limited
- Copyright Statement© Times Newspapers Limited.
- Gale Document NumberGALE|CS135352153
- TitleHistoric Document For Australia
- DateTuesday, Aug. 19, 1952
- Issue Number52394
- Page Number4
- Place of PublicationLondon, England
- LanguageEnglish
- Document TypeArticle
- Publication SectionNews
- Source LibraryTimes Newspapers Limited
- Copyright Statement© Times Newspapers Limited.
- Gale Document NumberGALE|CS67981075
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- ^ Groves, Matthew (2024-06). "The Changing Role of the Attorney-General". Federal Law Review. 52 (2): 131–155. doi:10.1177/0067205X241253296. ISSN 0067-205X.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "The Attorney-General — A Hybrid Character Who Needs to be Versatile". actlawsociety.asn.au. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
- ^ James King AC QC, Leonard (2000). "The Attorney-General, Politics and the Judiciary" (PDF). Australasian Legal Information Institute – via University of Western Australia Law Review.
- ^ Auditor Office, Australian National (2024). "Australian National Audit Office - Annual Audit of the Attorney-General's portfolio". Attorney-General’s portfolio. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Australia. Treasury.; Australia. Treasury. (1901), "v. ; 25 cm.", Budget paper., Parliamentary paper (Australia. Parliament), [Canberra: Govt. Printer, ISSN 0728-7194, nla.obj-1745846955, retrieved 4 December 2024 – via Trove
- ^ "Magna Carta - Parliamentary Education Office". peo.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-11-23.
- ^ "The Australian (1824 newspaper)", Wikipedia, 2024-11-02, retrieved 2024-11-23
- ^ Royal Australian Historical Society. (1918), "47 v. : ill. ; 22 cm.", Journal and proceedings, Sydney: The Society, ISSN 1325-9261, nla.obj-600995280, retrieved 23 November 2024 – via Trove
- ^ "The Mercantile Bank Cases". Wagga Wagga Advertiser. Vol. XXIII, , no. 2627. New South Wales, Australia. 27 May 1893. p. 2. Retrieved 23 November 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ Cowen, Zelman, "Sir Isaac Alfred Isaacs (1855–1948)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 2024-11-23
- ^ Times, The (25 October 1952) [25 October 1952]. "Copy Of Magna Carta For Australia". www.thetimes.com (Article). No. 52452. London, England. p. 8.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)