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User:Asarelah/sandbox/History of African women in warfare

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Ancient Period

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17th century BC

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  • 17th century BC – Ahhotep I is credited with a stela at Karnak for "having pulled Egypt together, having cared for its army, having guarded it, having brought back those who fled, gathering up its deserters, having quieted the South, subduing those who defy her."[1]
  • Ahhotep II is buried with a dagger and axe, as well as three golden fly pendants, which were given as rewards for military valor. However, it is debated as to whether or not they actually belong to her.[2]

15th century BC

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  • 1479 BC-1458 BC[3] - Reign of Hatshepsut. It is possible that she led military campaigns against Nubia and Canaan.[4]

4th century BC

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  • 332 BC – The Nubian queen, Candace of Meroe, intimidated Alexander the Great with her armies and her strategy while confronting him, causing him to avoid Nubia, instead heading to Egypt, according to Pseudo-Callisthenes.[5] However, Pseudo-Callisthenes is not considered a reliable source, and it is possible that the entire event is fiction.[6] More reliable historical accounts indicate that Alexander never attacked Nubia and never attempted to move farther south than the oasis of Siwa in Egypt.[7]

3rd century BC

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  • 217 BC – Arsinoe III of Egypt accompanied Ptolemy IV at the Battle of Raphia. When the battle went poorly, she appeared before the troops and exhorted them to fight to defend their families. She also promised two minas of gold to each of them if they won the battle, which they did.[8]

2nd century BC

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1st century BC

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Post-Classical Period

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7th century

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Early Modern Period (1500-1750)

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16th century

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  • Early 1500s: Idia, mother of Esigie, the Oba of Benin, is described as a great warrior, and receives much credit for her son's conquest of the Igala.[13]
  • 16th century: Portuguese explorers report that a group of female warriors existed in the Congo, and that their king assigned regions where only female children were raised. Angola resists the Portuguese under Queen Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba.[14]
  • 1536–1573: Reign of Amina, ruler of the Hausa empire in Niger. She personally led an army of over 20,000 soldiers.[citation needed]

17th century

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18th century

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19th-century

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20th-century

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References

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  1. ^ Rice, Michael (1999). Who's Who in Ancient Egypt. London and New York City: Routlage. p. 3. ISBN 0-415-15448-0.
  2. ^ Graves-Brown, Carolyn (2010). Dancing for Hathor: Women in Ancient Egypt. London and New York City: Continuum Books. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-8472-5054-4.
  3. ^ Gender in Pre-Hispanic America, edited by Cecelia F. Klein, 2001 p.309
  4. ^ Bunson, Margaret (2002) [1991]. Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt (hardcover revised ed.). New York, New York: Facts on File Books. p. 161. ISBN 0-8160-4563-1.
  5. ^ Pseudo-Callisthenes (1889). The History of Alexander the Great. Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge (trans.). Cambridge University Press. p. 124.
  6. ^ Morgan, J.R. & Stoneman, Richard (1994). Greek Fiction: The Greek Novel in Context. Routledge. pp. 117–118. ISBN 0-415-08507-1.
  7. ^ Gutenberg, David M. (2003). The Curse of Ham: Race and Slavery in Early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Princeton University Press. p. 64.
  8. ^ Meyers, Carol, general editor. (2000). Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, and the New Testament. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York. p. 397. ISBN 0-395-70936-9. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Cleopatra II by Chris Bennett
  10. ^ Tony Jaques, Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century, Volume 2, F-O Retrieved from books.google.com
  11. ^ African Affairs – Sign In Page
  12. ^ Hannoum, Abdelmajid (2001). Post-Colonial Memories: The Legend of the Kahina, a North African Heroine (Studies in African Literature). ISBN 978-0-325-00253-8.
  13. ^ Historical Dictionary of Nigeria By Toyin Falola, Ann Genova, p.160
  14. ^ Steinem, Gloria; Chesler, Phyllis; Feitler, Bea (1972). Wonder Woman. Hole, Rinehart and Winston and Warner Books. ISBN 0-03-005376-5.
  15. ^ Yvonne Vera: The fearless taboo queen, Ivor Hartmann, Munyori Literary Journal, March / April 2009 http://archive.kubatana.net/html/archive/artcul/090415ih.asp?sector=ARTCUL&year=0&range_start=1
  16. ^ Okwera, Oyet (2012-06-13). "Uganda: First Woman Military Pilot (Page 1 of 3)". allAfrica.com. Retrieved 2013-01-24.