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House of Achaemenes
Founded~705 BC
FounderAchaemenes
Final rulerAchaemenid Empire: Darius III
Pontus: Pharnaces II
Cappadocia: Ariarathes IX
Titles
Estate(s)
DepositionAchaemenid Empire, 330 BC: Invasion of the Empire by Alexander the Great
Pontus, 47 BC: Death of Pharnaces II in battle with the Romans
Cappadocia: Death of Ariarathes IX in the battle of Thessaly

The House of Achaemenes was an Iranian royal family. The Achaemenid kings and their descendants ruled the Achaemenid Kingdom, the Achaemenid Empire, the Kingdom of Pontus and the Kingdom of Cappadocia. Reign of the first Achaemenid king, Achaemenes, who gave his name to the dynasty, probably started in 705 BC and this is the year of foundation of the House of Achaemenes.[3]

From 705 BC until 550 BC, the Achaemenid kings ruled Persia and Anshan, two region in south-western Iran. With the conquests of Cyrus the Great, the kingdom became an Empire and the "king" became the "king of kings". The Empire ruled much of the known world from 550 BC until 330 BC, when it was conquered by Alexander the Great.[4] Fall of the Achaemenid Empire led to rise of new Achaemenid-descented kingdoms in the former territories of the Persian Empire, with the Mithridatic dynasty of Pontus[5] and Ariarathic dynasty of Cappadocia[6] being the most notable ones. The dynasties ruled those kingdoms until early and mid 1st century BC, when the struggle with the Romans caused death of last rulers of Achaemenid ancestry.

The House of Arsaces[7] and the House of Sasan[8], the two other great ancient Iranian royal families, also claimed descent from the House of Achaemenes via Artaxerxes II and Darius III, respectively.

Rulers

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Achaemenid Kings

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Portrait Name Family relations Reign Notes
Achaemenid dynasty (~705–559 BC)
Achaemenes ~705 BC First ruler of the Achaemenid kingdom
Teispes Son of Achaemenes ~640 BC
In Anshan
Cyrus I Son of Teispes ~580 BC
Cambyses I Son of Cyrus I and father of Cyrus II ~559 BC
In Persia
Ariaramnes Son of Teispes
Arsames Son of Ariaramnes

Achaemenid Great Kings

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Portrait Titles Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Achaemenid dynasty (559–334/327 BC)
The Great King, King of Kings, King of Anshan, King of Media, King of Babylon, King of Sumer and Akkad, King of the Four Corners of the World Cyrus the Great 600 BC Son of Cambyses I king of Anshan and Mandana daughter of Astyages 559–530 BC 530 BC King of Anshan from 559 BCE. Killed in battle with Massagetes
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Cambyses II ? Son of Cyrus the Great 530–522 BC 521 BC Died while en route to put down a rebellion.


Pharaonic titulary: Horus: Smatawy, Nswbty: Mesutire[9]

The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Bardiya Gaumata (?) ? Son of Cyrus the Great (possibly an imposter claiming to be Bardiya) 522 BC 522 BC Killed by Persian aristocrats
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Darius I 550 BCE Son of Hystaspes 522–486 BC 486 BC Pharaonic titulary: Horus: Menkhib

Nswbty: Stutre[10]

The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Xerxes I 519 BCE Son of Darius I 485–465 BC 465 BC Most likely is the King Ahasuerus of the Book of Esther[11]
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Artaxerxes I Arses ? Son of Xerxes I 465–424 BCE 424 BCE Believed by some to be the King Ahaseurus of the Book of Esther
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Xerxes II Artaxerxes ? Son of Artaxerxes I 424 BCE 424 BCE Only recognised in Persia itself, killed by Sogdianus
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt ? Sogdianus ? Son of Artaxerxes I 424–423 BCE 423 BCE Only recognised in Persia and Elam, killed by Darius II
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Darius II Ochus ? Son of Artaxerxes I 424–404 BCE 404 BCE
The Great King, King of Kings Artaxerxes II Arsaces 436 Son of Darius II 404–358 BCE 358 BCE
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Artaxerxes III Ochus ? Son of Artaxerxes II 358–338 BCE 338 BCE Killed
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Artaxerxes IV Arses ? Son of Artaxerxes III 338–336 BCE 336 BCE Killed
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Darius III Artashata 380 Son of Arsames son of Ostanes son of Darius II 336–330 BCE 330 BCE Killed by Artaxerxes V

Kings of Pontus

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King Reign (BC) Consort(s) Comments
Mithridates I Ctistes 281–266 BC Ctistes meaning Builder
Ariobarzanes 266–250 BC son of Mithridates I
Mithridates II c.250 – c.210 BC Laodice Son of Ariobarzanes
Mithridates III c.210 – c.190 BC Laodice Laodice may have been the daughter of Antiochus IV
Pharnaces I c.190 – c. 155 BC Nysa Eldest son of Mithridates III
Mithridates IV Philopator Philadelphus 155–150 BC Laodice Laodice was his sister-wife.
Mithridates V Euergetes 150-120 BC Laodice VI
Mithridates Chrestus 120-116 BC None Jointly Succeeded with brother Mithridates VI, who was forced into hiding. When brother came out Chrestus lost throne.
Mithridates VI Eupator Dionysus 120–63 BC Multiple Led Mithridatic Wars against Rome.
Pharnaces II 63–47 BC Last direct ruler of the Kingdom of Pontus

Kings of Cappadocia

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King Reign (BC) Comments
Ariarathes I 331 – 322 BC
Ariarathes II 301 – 280 BC
Arianes 280 – 230 BC
Ariarathes III 255 – 220 BC
Ariarathes IV 220 – 163 BC
Ariarathes V 163 – 130 BC
Ariarathes VI 130 – 116 BC
Ariarathes VII 116 – 101 BC
Ariarathes VIII 101 – 96 BC
Ariarathes IX 101 – 96 BC Son of Mithradates Eupator

Others

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References

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  1. ^ Iranica: Even when the Mithridates known as “Founder” proclaimed himself king in the early years of the 3rd century BCE, and the family adopted some of the ways of Hellenism and Hellenistic courts, in particular the use of Greek as the official language, they continued proudly to proclaim their royal Achaemenid lineage: their search for respectability and legitimization through Persian descent attests a deep and powerful Persian ethos in the people of Pontus.
  2. ^ Iranica: ... The House of Ariarathes tied itself (Diodorus, 31.19.1-3) to the Achaemenid royalty (Cyrus and Darius’ Seven) ...
  3. ^ "ACHAEMENES – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
  4. ^ "ACHAEMENID DYNASTY – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
  5. ^ Iranica: Even when the Mithridates known as “Founder” proclaimed himself king in the early years of the 3rd century BCE, and the family adopted some of the ways of Hellenism and Hellenistic courts, in particular the use of Greek as the official language, they continued proudly to proclaim their royal Achaemenid lineage: their search for respectability and legitimization through Persian descent attests a deep and powerful Persian ethos in the people of Pontus.
  6. ^ Iranica: ... The House of Ariarathes tied itself (Diodorus, 31.19.1-3) to the Achaemenid royalty (Cyrus and Darius’ Seven) ...
  7. ^ Daryaee, Touraj (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. p. 179.
  8. ^ Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan. p. 1.
  9. ^ G. Posener, La première domination perse en Égypte, Cairo, 1936, pp. 30-36.
  10. ^ Jürgen von Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (= Münchner ägyptologische Studien, vol 46), Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1999. ISBN 3-8053-2310-7, pp. 220–21.
  11. ^ "Ahasuerus". JewishEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2014-07-25.