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Batman series
StarringComplete list
Distributed byWarner Bros.
Release dates
1989 – 1997
2005 - present
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Box office$2.6 billion

(This lead section should be a general overview of Batman in film.)

Serials

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Batman

[edit]
Main article: Batman (serial)

Batman was a 15-chapter serial film released in 1943 by Columbia Pictures. The serial starred Lewis Wilson as Batman and Douglas Croft as Robin. J. Carrol Naish played the villain, an original character named Dr. Daka. Rounding out the cast were Shirley Patterson as Linda Page (Bruce Wayne's love interest), and William Austin as Alfred. The plot is based on Batman, a US government agent, attempting to defeat the Japanese agent Dr. Daka, at the height of World War II.

The film is notable for being the first filmed appearance of Batman and for providing two core elements of the Batman mythos. The film introduced "The Bat's Cave" and the Grandfather clock entrance. The name was altered to the Batcave in the comic. William Austin, who played Alfred, had a trim physique and sported a thin mustache, while the contemporary comic book version of Alfred was overweight and clean-shaven prior to the serial's release. The comics version of Alfred was altered to match that of Austin's, and has stayed that way.

Batman and Robin

[edit]
Main article: Batman and Robin (serial)

Batman and Robin was another 15-chapter serial film released in 1949 by Columbia Pictures. Robert Lowery played Batman, while Johnny Duncan played Robin. Supporting players included Jane Adams as Vicki Vale and veteran character actor Lyle Talbot as Commissioner Gordon. The plot dealt with the Dynamic Duo facing off against the Wizard, a hooded villain whose identity remains a mystery throughout the serial until the end.

Feature film

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Adaptation from television series Batman

[edit]
Main article: Batman (1966 film)

Batman (also known as Batman: The Movie) is a 1966 film adaptation of the popular Batman television series, and was the first full-length theatrical adaptation of the DC Comics character. The 20th Century Fox release starred Adam West as Batman and Burt Ward as Robin.

The film was directed by Leslie H. Martinson, who also directed a pair of Batman episodes; "The Penguin Goes Straight" and "Not Yet, He Ain't," both from season one.

Burton/Schumacher feature film series

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Development

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In the late 1970s, Batman's popularity was waning.[1] CBS was interested in producing a Batman in Outer Space film. Producers Michael Uslan and Benjamin Melniker purchased the film rights of Batman from DC Comics in April 1979. It was Uslan's wish "to make the definitive, dark, serious version of Batman, the way Bob Kane and Bill Finger had envisioned him in 1939. A creature of the night; stalking criminals in the shadows."[1] Richard Maibaum was approached to write a script with Guy Hamilton to direct, but the two turned down the offer. Uslan was unsuccessful with pitching Batman to various movie studios because they wanted the film to be similar to the campy 1960s TV series. Columbia Pictures and United Artists were among those to turn down the film.[2]

A disappointed Uslan then wrote a script titled Return of the Batman to give the film industry a better idea of his vision for the film. Uslan later compared its dark tone to that of The Dark Knight Returns, which his script pre-dated by six years.[1] In November 1979, producers Jon Peters and Peter Guber joined the project.[3] The four producers felt it was best to pattern the film's development after that of Superman (1978).[4] Uslan, Melniker and Guber pitched Batman to Universal Pictures, but the studio turned it down.[5] Though no movie studios were yet involved, in late 1981 the project was publicly announced with a budget of $15 million. Warner Bros. decided to accept Batman.[6]

Tom Mankiewicz completed a script titled The Batman in June 1983, focusing on Batman and Dick Grayson's origins, with the Joker and Rupert Thorne as villains, and Silver St. Cloud as the romantic interest.[7] Mankiewicz took inspiration from the limited series Batman: Strange Apparitions (ISBN 1-56389-500-5), written by Steve Englehart.[8] Comic book artist Marshall Rogers, who worked with Englehart on Strange Apparitions, was hired for concept art.[5] The Batman was then announced in late 1983 for a mid-1985 release date on a budget of $20 million. Originally, Uslan had wanted an unknown actor for Batman, William Holden for James Gordon, and David Niven as Alfred Pennyworth.[6] Holden died in 1981 and Niven in 1983, so this would never come to pass. A number of filmmakers were attached to Mankiewicz' script, including Ivan Reitman and Joe Dante.[9] Nine rewrites were performed by nine separate writers. Most of them were based on Strange Apparitions. However it was Mankiewicz' script that was still being used to guide the project.[10]

Batman

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Main article: Batman (1989 film)

Tim Burton took over as director in 1986. Steve Englehart and Julie Hickson wrote film treatments before Sam Hamm wrote the first screenplay.[9][11] Numerous A-list actors were considered for the role of Batman before Michael Keaton was cast. Keaton's casting caused a controversy. In 1988, Keaton had been typecast as a comedic actor, and many observers doubted he could portray a serious role.[9] Jack Nicholson accepted the role of the Joker under strict conditions that dictated a high salary, a portion of the box office profits and his shooting schedule. Nicholson's final salary is reported to be as high as $50 million.[3][6][12][13] Principal photography took place at Pinewood Studios from October 1988 to January 1989.[14] The budget escalated from $30 million to $48 million,[3] while the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike forced Hamm to drop out. Uncredited rewrites were performed by Warren Skaaren, Charles McKeown[6] and Jonathan Gems.[15] Batman received positive reviews, broke numerous box office records, and won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction. The film grossed over $400 million.[9] Batman has also left a legacy over the modern perception of the superhero film genre.[16]

Batman Returns (1992)

[edit]
Main article: Batman Returns

Burton originally did not want to direct a sequel because of his mixed emotions of the previous film.[4] Sam Hamm's first script had Penguin and Catwoman searching for hidden treasure.[17] Daniel Waters delivered a script that satisfied Burton, which convinced him to reprise his duties as director. Wesley Strick did an uncredited rewrite, deleting characterizations of Harvey Dent, Robin and rewriting the climax.[18][19] Various A-list actresses lobbied hard for the role of Catwoman before Michelle Pfeiffer was cast, while Danny DeVito signed on to portray the Penguin.[20] Filming started at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California in June 1991. Batman Returns was released with financial success, but Warner Bros. was disappointed with the film's box office run because it earned less than its predecessor.[21] However, Batman Returns was released with critical acclaim,[22] but a "parental backlash" criticized the film with violence and sexual innuendos that were unsuitable for children.[21] McDonald's shut down their Happy Meal tie-in for Batman Returns.[23] The film's legacy is also notable for leaving behind the critically-panned Catwoman spin-off.[24]

Batman Forever (1995)

[edit]
Main article: Batman Forever

Although Batman Returns was a financial success, Warner Bros. felt the film should have made more money. The studio decided to change the direction of the Batman film series to be more mainstream. Joel Schumacher replaced Tim Burton as director, while Burton decided to stay on as producer.[25] However, Michael Keaton decided not to reprise the role of Batman because he did not like the new direction the film series was heading in[26] and he was replaced by Val Kilmer. Jim Carrey starred as The Riddler, while Tommy Lee Jones starred as Two-Face. Filming started in September 1994,[25] and Schumacher encountered problems communicating with Kilmer and Jones.[27] Batman Forever was released on June 16, 1995 with financial success, earning over $350 million worldwide and three Academy Award nominations, but the film was met with mixed reviews from critics.[28][29]

Batman & Robin 1997

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Main article: Batman & Robin (film)

Development for Batman & Robin started immediately after Batman Forever, and Warner Bros. commissioned the film on fast track for an adamant June 1997 release.[30] Val Kilmer chose not to return, mainly for the same reasons Michael Keaton left, and was replaced with George Clooney. Arnold Schwarzenegger starred as Mr Freeze, while Uma Thurman starred as Poison Ivy. Principal photography began in September 1996[31] and finished in January 1997,[32] two weeks ahead of the shooting schedule.[33] Batman & Robin was released on June 20, 1997, and was met with critically panned reviews.[34] Observers criticized the film for its toyetic and campy approach, and for homosexual innuendos added by Schumacher.[35] The film was a financial success,[36] but remains to be the least commercially successful live-action Batman film ever. Batman & Robin received numerous nominations at the Razzie Awards[37] and is considered to be one of the worst superhero films of all time.[38][39]

Proposals for fifth film

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Batman Triumphant
[edit]

During the filming of Batman & Robin, Warner Bros. was impressed with the dailies. This prompted them to immediately hire Joel Schumacher to return as director for a sequel, but writer Akiva Goldsman, who worked on Batman Forever and Batman & Robin with Schumacher, turned down the chance to write the script.[33] In late 1996, Warner Bros. and Schumacher hired Mark Protosevich to write the script for a fifth Batman film. A projected mid-1999 release date was announced.[40] Titled Batman Triumphant, Protosevich's script had the Scarecrow as the main villain. Through the use of his fear toxin, he resurrects the Joker. Harley Quinn appeared as a supporting character, written as the Joker's daughter.[41] George Clooney and Chris O'Donnell were set to reprise the roles of Batman and Robin.[42] However, when Batman & Robin received negative reviews and failed to outgross any of its predecessors, Warner Bros. was unsure of their plans for Batman Triumphant. The studio decided it was best to consider a live-action Batman Beyond film and an adaptation of Frank Miller's Batman: Year One. Warners would then greenlight whichever idea suited them the most.[43] Schumacher felt he "owe[d] the Batman culture a real Batman movie. I would go back to the basics and make a dark portrayal of the Dark Knight."[44] He approached Warner Bros. of doing Batman: Year One in mid-1998.[44]

Batman: DarKnight
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Despite Warner Bros. and Schumacher's interest with Year One, Lee Shapiro, a comic book fan, and Stephen Wise pitched the studio with a script titled Batman: DarKnight in mid-1998. DarKnight had Bruce Wayne giving up his crime fighting career and Dick Grayson attending Gotham University.[45] Dr. Jonathan Crane uses his position as professor of psychology at Gotham University and as head psychiatrist at Arkham Asylum to conduct his experiments in fear. During a vengeful confrontation with a colleague, Dr. Kirk Langstrom, Crane unknowingly initiates Kirk's transformation into the creature known as Man-Bat. Citizens of Gotham believe Man-Bat's nightly activities to be Batman's "bloodthirsty" return. Bruce becomes Batman "to clear his name" and solve the mystery of Man-Bat.[45] Kirk struggles with his "man vs. monster" syndrome as he longs to both reunite with his wife and get revenge on Crane, while Crane exacts revenge on those responsible for his dismissal from both Arkham and the university while encountering truths about his past. Warner Bros. decided not to move forward, and passed on Batman: DarKnight in favor of Year One and Batman Beyond.[45]

Year One and Beyond
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In January 2000, Scott Rosenberg turned down the chance to write the script for Batman: Year One.[46] In mid-2000, Paul Dini, Neal Stephenson and Boaz Yakin were hired to write a script for Batman Beyond, with Yakin to direct. The film was based on the Warner Bros. animated television series of the same name.[47] However, Warner Bros. abandoned Batman Beyond almost instantly in favor of Batman: Year One.[43]

Around the same time, Warners hired Darren Aronofsky to write and direct Year One, despite interest from Joel Schumacher.[44][47] Aronofsky, who collaborated with Frank Miller on an unproduced script for Ronin, brought Miller to co-write Year One with him.[48] They intended to reboot the Batman franchise, "it's somewhat based on the comic book," Aronofsky said. "Toss out everything you can imagine about Batman! Everything! We're starting completely anew."[49] Regular Aronofsky collaborator, Matthew Libatique, was set as cinematographer,[50] and Aronofsky had also approached Christian Bale for the role of Batman. Coincidentally, Bale would be cast in the role for Batman Begins.[51] At the same time, Warner Bros. was moving forward on a Catwoman spin-off.[52] However, by June 2002, the studio decided to move forward on Batman vs. Superman and abandon Year One.[53]

Batman vs. Superman
[edit]

Warner Bros. abandoned J. J. Abrams' script for Superman: Flyby, which had been greenlighted with McG to direct.[54][55] When McG dropped out in favor of Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle,[56] Warner Bros. approached Wolfgang Petersen to direct Superman: Flyby,[57] however, in August 2001,[58] Andrew Kevin Walker pitched Warner Bros. an idea titled Batman vs Superman, attaching Petersen as director. Superman: Flyby was put on hold,[57] and Akiva Goldsman was hired to rewrite Walker's Batman vs. Superman.[43]

Goldsman's draft, dated June 21, 2002, had Bruce Wayne going through a mental breakdown after his five year retirement of crime fighting. Dick Grayson, Alfred Pennyworth and Commissioner Gordon are all dead, but Bruce's depressed emotions become resolved with fiancée Elizabeth Miller. Meanwhile, Clark Kent is struggling by a recent divorce with Lois Lane. Clark and Bruce are close friends, and Clark is Bruce's best man. After the Joker kills Elizabeth at the honeymoon, Bruce plots a revenge scheme, while Clark tries to hold him back. In return, Bruce blames Clark for her death, and the two go against one another. Part of the script took place in Smallville, where Clark goes into exile with Lana Lang. However, Lex Luthor is held to be responsible for the entire plot of Batman and Superman destroying each other. The two decide to team up and stop Luthor.[59]

Christian Bale and Josh Hartnett had turned down the roles of Batman and Superman. Bale would eventually portray the same role in Batman Begins.[56][60] Principal photography was to start in early-2003, with plans for a five—six month shoot. The release date was set for the mid-2004.[61] Within a month of Warner Bros. greenlighting Batman vs. Superman, Petersen left in favor of Troy (2004).[43] Warner Bros. decided to move forward on Superman: Flyby and on a Batman reboot.[43] Petersen and Bryan Singer are interested in directing the project sometime in the future, with Bale as Batman.[62][63]

Aftermath

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In December 2002, comic book writer/filmmaker Joss Whedon pitched an origin story that was met with negative feedback from Warners.[64] Whedon's version had "a Hannibal Lecter-type villain in Arkham Asylum that Bruce went and sort of studied with," Whedon said. "It was set in Bruce's early years in Gotham City. I get very emotional about it, I still love the story. Maybe I’ll get to do it as a comic one day."[65] In January 2003, Christopher Nolan was hired to take over the Batman franchise, resulting in the rebooted Batman Begins.[66]

Nolan series (2005–)

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Batman Begins (2005)

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Main article: Batman Begins

Director/writer Christopher Nolan and co-writer David S. Goyer began work on Batman Begins in early 2003[66][67] and aimed for a darker and more realistic tone, with humanity and realism being the basis of the film.[68] The film, which was primarily shot in England and Chicago,[69][70] relied on traditional stunts and scale models — computer-generated imagery was used minimally. Christian Bale starred as Batman, while Liam Neeson and Cillian Murphy starred as Ra's al Ghul and The Scarecrow respectively. A new Batmobile (called the Tumbler) and a more mobile Batsuit were both created specifically for the film.[71][72] Batman Begins was critically and commercially successful. The film opened on June 15, 2005 in the United States and Canada in 3,858 theaters. It grossed US$48 million in its opening weekend, eventually earning $370 million worldwide. The film received an 84% overall approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes[73][74], and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography. Critics noted that fear was a common theme throughout the film, and remarked that it had a darker tone compared to previous Batman films.[74] Batman Begins has also popularized the notion of reboots in Hollywood.[75]

The Dark Knight (2008)

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Main article: The Dark Knight (film)

Christopher Nolan reprised his duties as director, and brought his brother, Jonathan, to co-write the script. The Dark Knight featured Christian Bale reprising his role as Batman/Bruce Wayne, Heath Ledger as The Joker and Aaron Eckhart as Harvey Dent / Two-Face. Principal photography began in April 2007 in Chicago. Other locations included Pinewood Studios and Hong Kong. On January 22 2008, after he had completed filming The Dark Knight, Ledger died of a sleeping pill overdose, leading to intense attention from the press and more people showing interest in the film. Warner Bros. had created a viral marketing campaign for The Dark Knight, developing promotional websites and trailers highlighting screen shots of Ledger as the Joker, but after Ledger's death, the studio refocused its promotional campaign.[76][77] The film was released on July 16 2008; prior to its box office debut in North America, record numbers of advance tickets were sold for The Dark Knight. It was greeted with extremely positive reviews upon release, and became the second film ever to earn more than $500 million at the United States box office, the fourth film to gross over a billion dollars worldwide, and set numerous other records in the process.[78][79] At the 81st Academy Awards it received a total of eight Academy Award nominations, winning in two categories: Best Sound Editing and Best Supporting Actor (a posthumous win for Heath Ledger), making it the second Batman film ever to win at the Academy Awards.

Proposed third film

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Warner Bros. president of production Jeff Robinov hopes a third film will be released in 2011 or 2012.[80] Nolan is not committed to another sequel, explaining that he does not normally line up projects right after completing a film, noting "Is there a story that's going to keep me emotionally invested for the couple of years that it will take to make another one? That’s the overriding question. On a more superficial level, I have to ask the question: How many good third movies in a franchise can people name?"[81] He added the only reason he would return would be if he found a necessary way to continue the story, but he feared midway through filming another installment he would find it redundant.[82] Nolan had written a rough story outline and made some notes by December 2008, despite his uncertainty in returning for the sequel.[83] Later in December, Alan F. Horn confirmed that while discussions with Nolan about a third film were ongoing, no casting had been done, and Horn categorically denied all such rumors.[84]

Gary Oldman is confident Nolan will return,[85] and Bale said he would return if Nolan did.[86] Oldman hinted that, in the third film, Commissioner Gordon would have to "hunt down Batman".[87] He has also speculated that the villain of the upcoming film might be the Riddler.[88] Nolan explained that as long as he is directing, Robin will not be appearing in the franchise because Bale is still portraying a "young Batman", which meant "Robin's not for a few films".[89] Christian Bale has even gone on record to say that if they bring in Robin, he's out of the franchise.[90] In addition, Nolan considers the Penguin difficult to portray on film, explaining, "There are certain characters that are easier to mesh with the more real take on Batman we're doing. The Penguin would be tricky."[91]

Without any story in place, casting suggestions at this stage are almost entirely rumor.[92] Kate Beckinsale has expressed interest in playing Catwoman,[93] while Angelina Jolie has been suggested to play the role. Julie Newmar, who played Catwoman in the Batman series from 1966 to 1967, said "Angelina would own the part."[94] David Tennant wishes to portray the Riddler.[95] Aaron Eckhart had expressed his enthusiasm that he would reprise his role for a sequel if asked, although he later confirmed that, in talks with Nolan before Heath Ledger's death, the director considers Two-Face to be dead.[96] Michael Caine commented that a studio executive was interested in casting Johnny Depp as the Riddler, and Philip Seymour Hoffman as the Penguin.[97] Hoffman stated that he had not been approached regarding a role in the film.[98] Gary Oldman, while taking questions from an audience at the 2009 San Diego Comic Con, was asked about a third film, in which he replied "We start shooting next year. You didn't hear that from me." He subsequently clarified his comment, saying "...well, I'm sure they want to do another one... it might [be] 2 or 3 years."[99]

Animated

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Main article: DC Animated Universe

Unsanctioned films

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Characters

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Main article: List of Batman films cast members
Character Film
Batman: The Movie Burton/Schumacher series Nolan series
Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight
CAST
Bruce Wayne/
Batman 		Adam West Michael Keaton
Charles Roskilly (y) 		Michael Keaton Val Kilmer
Ramsey Ellis (y) 		George Clooney
Eric Lloyd (y) 		Christian Bale
Gus Lewis (y) 		Christian Bale
Alfred Alan Napier Michael Gough Michael Gough
Jon Simmons (y) 		Michael Caine
Jim Gordon Neil Hamilton Pat Hingle Gary Oldman
Dick Grayson/
Robin 		Burt Ward   Chris O'Donnell  
The Joker Cesar Romero Jack Nicholson
Hugo E. Blick (y) 		  David U. Hodges (y)   Heath Ledger
The Penguin Burgess Meredith   Danny DeVito  
Catwoman Lee Meriwether   Michelle Pfeiffer  
Harvey Dent/Two-Face   Billy Dee Williams   Tommy Lee Jones   Aaron Eckhart
The Riddler Frank Gorshin   Jim Carrey  
Mr. Freeze   Arnold Schwarzenegger  
Poison Ivy   Uma Thurman  
Bane   Robert Swenson  
Ra's al Ghul   Liam Neeson / Ken Watanabe  
The Scarecrow   Cillian Murphy
Joe Chill   Richard Brake  
Carmine Falcone   Tom Wilkinson  
Victor Zsasz   Tim Booth  
Sal Maroni   Dennis Paladino   Eric Roberts
Thomas Wayne   David Baxt (y)   Michael Scranton (y)   Linus Roache (y)  
Martha Wayne   Sharon Holm (y)   Eileen Seeley (y)   Sara Stewart (y)  
Vicki Vale   Kim Basinger  
Dr. Jason Woodrue   John Glover  
Julie Madison   Elle Macpherson  
Detective Flass   Mark Boone Junior  
Commissioner Loeb   Colin McFarlane
Lucius Fox   Morgan Freeman
Chief O'Hara Stafford Repp  
Aunt Harriet Madge Blake  
Commodore Schmidlapp Reginald Denny (x)  
Vice Admiral Fangschleister Milton Frome (x)  
Bluebeard Gil Perkins (x)  
Morgan Dick Crockett (x)  
Quetch George Sawaya (x)  
Narrator William Dozier (x)  
Alexander Knox   Robert Wuhl (x)  
Carl Grissom   Jack Palance (x)  
Bob the Goon   Tracey Walter (x)  
Lieutenant Eckhardt   William Hootkins (x)  
Mayor   Lee Wallace (z) Michael Murphy (z) George Wallace (z)   Nestor Carbonell (z)
Max Shreck   Christopher Walken (x)  
Charles "Chip" Shreck   Andrew Bryniarski (x)  
Organ Grinder   Vincent Schiavelli (x)  
Ice Princess   Cristi Conaway (x)  
Dr. Chase Meridian   Nicole Kidman (x)  
Sugar   Drew Barrymore (x)  
Spice   Debi Mazar (x)  
Barbara Wilson/
Batgirl 		  Alicia Silverstone (x)  
William Earle   Rutger Hauer (x)  
Rachel Dawes   Katie Holmes (x) Maggie Gyllenhaal (x)
Gambol   Michael Jai White (x)
Detective Stephens   Keith Szarabajka (x)
Detective Ramirez   Monique Curnen (x)
Detective Wuertz   Ron Dean (x)

Reception

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Box office performance

[edit]
Film Release date Box office revenue Box office ranking Reference
United States/Canada Worldwide United States Outside US/Canada Worldwide All time US All time worldwide
Burton / Schumacher series
Batman June 23, 1989 June 23, 1989 $251,188,924 $160,160,000 $411,348,924 #45 #93 [100]
Batman Returns June 19, 1992 June 19, 1992 $162,831,698 $104,000,000 $266,831,698 #147 #228 [101]
Batman Forever June 16, 1995 June 16, 1995 $184,031,112 $152,500,000 $336,531,112 #105 #154 [28]
Batman & Robin June 20, 1997 June 20, 1997 $107,325,195 $130,881,927 $238,207,122 #340 #268 [102]
Total $705,376,929 $547,541,927 $1,252,918,856
Nolan series
Batman Begins June 15, 2005 June 15, 2005 $205,343,774 $167,366,241 $372,710,015 #85 #115 [73]
The Dark Knight July 18, 2008 July 16, 2008 $533,345,358 $468,576,467 $1,001,921,825 #2 #4 [79]
Total $738,689,132 $635,942,748 $1,374,632,643
Franchise total $1,444,066,061 $1,182,473,428 $2,627,551,499

Critical reaction

[edit]
Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic Yahoo! Movies
Overall Top Critics
Batman 69% (49 reviews)[103] 57% (7 reviews)[104] 66% (17 reviews)[105] B- (5 reviews)[106]
Batman Returns 79% (43 reviews)[22] 57% (7 reviews)[107] B (5 reviews)[108]
Batman Forever 44% (48 reviews)[29] 69% (13 reviews)[109] 51% (23 reviews)[110] B- (9 reviews)[111]
Batman & Robin 12% (58 reviews)[34] 20% (15 reviews)[112] 28% (21 reviews)[113] C- (9 reviews)[114]
Batman Begins 84% (249 reviews)[74] 62% (42 reviews)[115] 70% (41 reviews)[116] B+ (15 reviews)[117]
The Dark Knight 94% (261 reviews)[78] 90% (40 reviews)[118] 82% (36 reviews)[119] A (14 reviews)[120]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Bill "Jett" Ramey (2005-11-08). "An Interview With Michael Uslan - Part 1". Batman-on-Film. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
  2. ^ Bill "Jett" Ramey (2005-11-11). "An Interview With Michael Uslan - Part 2". Batman-on-Film. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
  3. ^ a b c Nancy Griffin; Kim Masters (1997). "Hit Men". Hit & Run: How Jon Peters and Peter Guber Took Sony For A Ride In Hollywood. Simon & Schuster. pp. 158–174. ISBN 0-684-80931-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ a b Alan Jones (November 1989). "Batman in Production". Cinefantastique. pp. 75–88.
  5. ^ a b Michael Uslan, Benjamin Melniker, Peter Guber, Tom Mankiewicz, Sam Hamm, Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight—The Road to Gotham City, 2005, Warner Home Video
  6. ^ a b c d Alan Jones (November 1989). "Batman". Cinefantastique. pp. 55–67.
  7. ^ Stax (2001-12-01). "The Stax Report Special Edition: Script Review of The Batman". IGN. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
  8. ^ Taylor L. White (July 1989). "Batman". Cinefantastique. pp. 33–40.
  9. ^ a b c d Mark Salisbury (2006). "Batman". Burton on Burton. London: Faber and Faber. pp. 70–83. ISBN 0-571-22926-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Ken Hanke (1999). "Going Batty in Britain". Tim Burton: An Unauthorized Biography of the Filmmaker. Renaissance Books. pp. 75–85. 1-58063-162-2.
  11. ^ "Batman". Steve Englehart.com. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
  12. ^ Stephen Rebello (November 1989). "Sam Hamm - Screenwriter". Cinefantastique. pp. 34–41.
  13. ^ Iain Johnstone (August 1989). "Dark Knight in the City of Dreams". Empire. pp. 46–54.
  14. ^ Joe Morgenstern (1989-04-09). "Tim Burton, Batman and The Joker", The New York Times. Retrieved on 26 October 2008.
  15. ^ Salisbury, Burton, p.145
  16. ^ Geoff Boucher (2008-10-15). "Tim Burton talks about Johnny Depp, 'Alice in Wonderland' and 'The Dark Knight'". Los Angeles Times. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ Jeffrey Resner (August 1992). "Three Go Mad in Gotham", Empire, pp. 39—46. Retrieved on 2008-08-14.
  18. ^ Judy Sloane (August 1995). "Daniel Waters on Writing", Film Review, pp. 67—69. Retrieved on 2008-08-14.
  19. ^ David Hughes (2003). "Batman". Comic Book Movies. Virgin Books. pp. 33–46. ISBN 0753507676.
  20. ^ "Big-Game Hunting". Entertainment Weekly. 1991-08-09. Retrieved 2008-08-14. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  21. ^ a b Salisbury, Burton, p.102-114
  22. ^ a b "Batman Returns". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
  23. ^ Olly Richards (September 1992). "Trouble in Gotham", Empire, pp. 21—23. Retrieved on 2008-08-14.
  24. ^ Michael Fleming (1993-06-17). "Dish". Variety. Retrieved 2008-08-14. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  25. ^ a b "Batman 3". Entertainment Weekly. 1993-10-01. Retrieved 2008-08-16. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  26. ^ Jeff Gordinier (1994-07-15). "Next at Batman". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2008-08-16. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  27. ^ Benjamin Svetkey (1996-07-12). "Holy Happy Set!". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2008-08-16. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ a b "Batman Forever (1995)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
  29. ^ a b "Batman Forever". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
  30. ^ Michael Fleming (1997-02-21). "Helmer's 3rd At Bat". Variety. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
  31. ^ Degen Pener (1996-09-13). "Holy Hearsay". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
  32. ^ Anita M. Busch (1997-01-10). "Schumacher on 'Popcorn'". Variety. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
  33. ^ a b Michael Mallory; Michael Fleming (1997-03-05). "Holy caped caper, IV". Variety. Retrieved 2008-11-11.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ a b "Batman & Robin". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
  35. ^ Joel Schumacher, Peter MacGregor-Scott, Chris O'Donnell, Val Kilmer, Uma Thurman, John Glover, Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight Part 6-Batman Unbound, 2005, Warner Home Video
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[edit]
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