User:Aristeus01/sandbox
The phenomenon of style, a transplant of sap that is as heavy as blood, is deeply rooted in nests which are beyond the reach of light. It is true that style comes into being in connection with conscious human concerns but the forms it takes hardly depend on the order of conscious determinations. A borderline tree, style has its roots in another land, whence it draws its sap, unchecked and duty-free. Style comes into being without our wanting it and without our knowledge; it partly enters into the cone of light of consciousness from the great dark tale of of earthly life.
Post Aurelian Retreat
[edit]According to some Romanian linguists, the preservation of river names from Antiquity until today suggests those names were "uninterruptedly transmitted" from the Dacians to the Romans, and then to the Daco-Romans.[2] Some rivers names, such the development of the Criș from ancient Crisius would be in line with the phonetical evolution of Romanian.[3] Also, the adoption of the Slavic names by the Romanians in cases when a settlement bears parallel Hungarian or German and Slavic names proves that the Romanians and the Slavs had lived side by side in the same settlements already before the arrival of the Hungarians in the late 9th century.[4]
Early Middle Ages
[edit]Vlachs
[edit]According to Florin Curta, no indication of a migration in the 10th century from the south to the north of the Danube have been found. Many sites excavated from the 10th century in the region of Romania show signs of being built in the previous 100 or 200 years, while in those that were started in the 10th century the ceramic is no different than what was previously used in the region, and most of the animal bones discovered were from horned cattle and pigs, not sheep or goats which are usually associated with transhumant herding.[5]
After 8 May 1276, King Ladislaus allows the chapter of Alba Iulia to settle 60 Romanian households (mansiones) on the border of his estates called Fülesd and Enyed, separated from the episcopal lands, and to exempt them from all royal taxes, fiftieth and tithes.[6]
In 1292, Andrew III of Hungary allows some Hungarian nobles to invite Romanians to the country, to their estates called "Ilye", "Szád" and "Fenes".[7]
On 7 November 1293, Andrew III confirms to his cousin, the late King Ladislaus's earlier concession to the chapter of Alba Iulia to keep the 60 households of Romanians (mansiones Olacorum) free from all taxes and services on the lands of Dalya, Ompaycza, Fylesd and Enugd, separated from the episcopal estates, although before, on the advice of the barons, he ordered that all Romanian inhabitants residing on the estates of nobles and others should be returned, even by force, to the royal priory called Scekes. These Romanians should not be forced by any royal tax collector to pay taxes, dues, or fiftieths. – The charter, confirmed by a double seal, is dated by the hand of Theodore, provost of Fehérvár, vice-chancellor.[8]
Hungarians
[edit]However, genetic research was incloclusive in establishing a clear relation between Hungarian conquerors and the Hungarian commoners.[9]
According to Romanian historian Florin Curta, no evidence exists of Magyars crossing Eastern Carpathian Mountains into Transylvania.[10]
Romanian National Council was an association of Romanian political leaders from Transylvania created on the eve of the expected dissolution of the monarchy of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The council was formed at the end of October 1918 in Budapest, folowing the model of the already established National Councils in the empire such as the Hungarian National Council. Its members were representatives of the Romanian National Party in Hungary and Transylvania, the main party representing Romanians in the Diet of Hungary, and representatives of the Romanian Social Democrats, the Romanian section of the larger Social Democratic Party of Hungary. The Council organized the Great National Assembly that decided the Union of Transylvania with the Romanian Kingdom on the 1st of December 1918 at Alba Iulia, and provided the members for the Ruling Council of Transylvania, the de facto governing body of the region from the 2nd of December 1918 until April 1920.
Background
[edit]As World War I was coming to an end and the defeat Austria-Hungary was imminent, at Budapest the Hungarian National Council was formed on 23 October 1918 from the Independence Party, led by Mihály Károlyi, the Hungarian Radical Party, led by Oszkár Jászi, and the Social Democratic Party of Hungary, having in its program the immediate end to the war, the independence of Hungary, the introduction of universal sufrage, and the recognition of the right of the nationalities to self-determination.[11] Despite the reconciliatory goals, the Council already faced opposition from other national groups such as Romanians and Germans in Transylania. The former, through the voice of Alexandru Vaida-Voevod - the leader of the nationalist Romanian party in the Hungarian Diet, read just five days earlier in the Diet a declaration asserting the right of Romanians in the kingdom to decide their fate:[12][13]
The executive comittee of the Romanian National Party, as the representative body of the Romanian nation from Hungary and Transylvania, considering the situation created by the World War, concludes that the results of this war completely justify the centuries old aspirations of the Romanian people to gain complete national freedom. On the basis of the natural right that each nation is free to determine its fate, a right recognised by the Diet of Hungary through its request for armistice, we declare that the Romanian nation from Hungary and Transylvania wishes to use this right and consequently demands that it solely, independently, and unbound by foreign influences decide on its membership to a state and its relations to other nations. The Romanian National Comittee does not recognise the competency of this government and this parliament to represent the interests of the Romanian people and does not recognise the right of any foreign agent to mendle in this matter, stipulating that at the peace conference only those authorised by the Romanian National Comittee are entitled to represent the interests of the Romanian people.
After these events, on 31st of October 1918, at Vadászkürt Hotel in Budapest the represenatives of the two Romanian parties formed the Romanian National Council. Lead by Ştefan Cicio-Pop, its members were Teodor Mihali, Vasile Goldiş, Alexandru Vaida-Voevod, Aurel Vlad, and Aurel Lazăr from the National party and Ion Flueraş, Iosif Jumanca, Enea Grapini, Basiliu Surdu, Tiron Albani, and Iosif Renoi from the Social Democrats.
Taking control of Transylvania
[edit]At the same time as the situation in Budapest was rapidly devovlving and the country was heading towards the Chrysanthemum Revolution, Viena was experiencing revolutionary movements and mass protests. Lucian Blaga, student at Viena University at the time recorded in his autobiography:[14]
Bulgaria collapsed. Within the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Germany, the signs of disaggregation were numerically rising with the lapse of time. Tainted by blood, the imperial symbols vanished. The students, who had been fighting on the battlefields for years, were returning to their floor. On the gangs of the University there appeared many combative faces grooved by the war experience. Under the colonnades there were clamours. Alma Mater was blackened by the smoke of the decline. In the library where I collected my material for the doctoral thesis, just you could only see, in opposition to any rule of good discipline, a youth arising to held an incendiary discourse. The rumour of the street was crossing the walls. The manifestations intensified. Broadsheets, announcing the revolution, combined with the autumn leaves. The manifestoes, like the leaves, were also a deep read. The masses from the periphery appeared to be pumped by an absorption point from the centre […] From the distances of the Ring, the deaf rumour of the moving mass was fathoming to us. No one could control the tumult any more. No one could face the liberated powers. Chaotic times were announced for the future.
Following the news from the capital and the situation on the front approximately 250,000 austro-hungarian soldiers, belonging to different nationalities, deserted. The Romanian National Party delegated Iuliu Maniu with the task of contacting the Romanian soldiers in Viena who were estimated to be almost 70,000, either stationed or returning from the front. Iuliu Maniu organised a meeting with the Romanian officers on 30 October, and on the 31st convened the formation of the Romanian Military Senate, over which he presided, with the aim of organising the military personel for "the service of the holy cause of the Romanian nation". Although faced with further desertion, the Senate established control over the main Romanian barracks in the city, swearing fealty to the Romanian National Council in a ceremony held on the 13th of November.[14]
"The rapid development of events led us to our conviction that, following our right to self-determination, and in the interest of our nation and of the minorities living with us, for the sake of preserving public safety, and the protection of persons and private property, we must take over the full governing authority in parts of Hungary and Transylvania that are populated by Romanians. These areas include the following counties: Torontál, Temes (Timiș), Krassó-Szörény (Caraș-Severin), Arad, Bihar (Bihor), Szatmár (Satu Mare), Máramaros (Maramureș), Beszterce-Naszód (Bistrița-Năsăud), Szolnok-Doboka, Szilágy, Kolozs, Maros-Torda, Torda-Aranyos, Alsó-Fehér, Kisküköllő, Nagyküköllő, Hunyad, Szeben (Sibiu), Brassó (Brașov), Fogaras (Făgăraș), Háromszék, Udvarhely (Odorheiu Secuiesc), and Csík (Ciuc); as well as the parts of Békés, Csanád, and Ugocsa counties populated by Romanians."
References
[edit]- ^ Arnold, Jafe. "The Mystery of Style: An Introduction to Lucian Blaga's Philosophy of Culture". Academia.edu. p. 6.
- ^ Felecan, Oliviu; Felecan, Nicolae (2015). "Etymological strata reflected in Romanian hydronymy". Quaderns de Filología. Estudis Lingüístics. 20 (Toponímia Románica): 251–269. doi:10.7203/qfilologia.20.7521. ISSN 1135-416X.
- ^ Nandris, Grigore (December 1951). "The Development and Structure of Rumanian". The Slavonic and East European Review. 30 (74): 7–39.
- ^ Sălăgean, Tudor (2004). "Ardealul timpuriu (895-1324)". medievistica.ro (in Romanian). Szeged.
- ^ Curta, Florin (2022-01-01). "Aging levee. On the 25th anniversary of Gottfried Schramm's Ein Damm Bricht". Historical Studies on Central Europe: 190.
- ^ "Erdélyi okmánytár I. (1023–1300) (Magyar Országos Levéltár kiadványai, II. Forráskiadványok 26. Budapest, 1997) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana". library.hungaricana.hu. p. 238. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ Tamás, Lajos. Románok. Magyar Történelmi Társulat. p. 7.
- ^ "Erdélyi okmánytár I. (1023–1300) (Magyar Országos Levéltár kiadványai, II. Forráskiadványok 26. Budapest, 1997) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana". library.hungaricana.hu. p. 300. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ Maár, K.; Varga, G. I.; Kovács, B.; Schütz, O.; Maróti, Z.; Kalmár, T.; Nyerki, E.; Nagy, I.; Latinovics, D.; Tihanyi, B.; Marcsik, A.; Pálfi, G.; Bernert, Z.; Gallina, Z.; Varga, S.; Költő, L.; Raskó, I.; Török, T.; Neparáczki, E. (2021). "Maternal Lineages from 10–11th Century Commoner Cemeteries of the Carpathian Basin". Genes. 12 (3): 460. doi:10.3390/genes12030460. PMC 8005002. PMID 33807111.
- ^ Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-521-81539-0.
- ^ Popovici, Vlad (2022-01-01). "Representative assemblies and executive institutions in Transylvania in the aftermath of the First World War (late 1918 to mid-1920)". Pre-and Post-Napoleonic Europe revolutions and Parliamentary institutions.
- ^ InfoAzi (2018-06-18). "La Oradea, comitetul executiv al Partidului Naţional Român elaborează Declaraţia de autodeterminare a românilor din Ardeal şi Ungaria cunoscută şi sub numele de "Declaraţia de la Oradea"". Infoazi. Retrieved 2024-12-29.
- ^ Köő, Artúr (2023-12-01). "1 December 1918 — The Annexation of Transylvania, the Bánát, Partium, and Máramaros to Greater Romania". Hungarian Conservative. Retrieved 2024-12-29.
- ^ a b Mihai-Octavian, Groza; Diana-Maria, Dăian. "The Romanian Central Military Senate of Officers and Soldiers from Vienna (31st October-27th November 1918)". The Unknown War from Eastern Europe. Romanians Between Allies and Enemies (1916-1918).