User:Antidiskriminator/Sandbox/New sandbox

Pre 19th century Croats

• Jr., John V. A. Fine (1 January 2006). When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods. University of Michigan Press. pp. 277–279. ISBN 0-472-02560-0. So, all the way up to 1800, and for many well beyond that date, the use of terms was still to be greatly mixed. Narrow terms ("Dalmatian", "Slavonian", "Croat") would continue to be used for people, often with only geographical or political meaning.... Each term also had users who applied them to language in varios ways; "Croatian" or any other term could be applied to all South Slav languages or to a particular dialect... As late as 1800, as we shall see, there still was no broad agreement as to who "we" referred to, and, since that was the case, there was as yet no actual ethnogenesis of Croats.... the actual ethnogenesis of people labelled "Croats" who saw their community as containing those (or those Catholics) of what is now Croatia - as opposed to other larger or smaller communities of the people or territories bearing other labels - was still not underway.

Skanderbeg deserted Ottomans in Niš or Kunovica

• Šišić, Ferdo (1975). Pregled povijesti hrvatskoga naroda. Nakladni zavod MH. p. 233. ... za kojega bijahu Turci kod Kunovice nedaleko od Niša (u početku 1444) ponovo tako snažno poraženi da se još za same bitke od njih odmetnuše Arbanasi sa svojim vođom Đurđem Skenderbegom Kastriotom.
• Brastvo. Društvo sv. Save. 1940. p. 137. Год 1443 из војске султана Мурата око Ниша (бој на Куновици), Ђорђе Кастриотић Скендербег изневерио је ....
• Brankovo kolo za zabavu, pouku i književnost. 1898. p. 799. Сударише се код Куновице, близу Ниша. Над Султановом војском заповедаху: Скендер-бег и Карам-бег, паша ...
• Klaić, Vjekoslav (1901). Povjest Hrvata: Dio 1. Treće dova: Vladanje kraljeva iz raznih porodica (1301-1526) 1. knj. Anžuvinci i Sigismund do gubitka Dalmacije (1301-1409). Tisak i naklada knjižare L. Hartmana. p. 186. Pobjeda kod Kunovice uzpirila je napokon plamen ustanka i medju Arbanasima, kojima je u to vrijeme stajao na čelu slavni junak Juraj Kastriotić, zvan i Skenderbeg.
• Dragašević, Jovan (1901). Ilirsko tropolje (balkansko polostrovo): vojno-politička studija. Štamparska radionica vojnog ministarstva. p. 588. Кад су Турци 1443 војевали против Ђурђа Бранковића, био је Скендербег у војсци Беглербега Румилијског. У битки на Куновици Беглербег буде заробљен, многи изгину, остали се разбегну. Међу овима је био и Скендербег.
• Gegaj, Athanase (1937). L'Albanie et l'Invasion turque au XVe siècle. Bureaux du Recueil, Bibliothéque de l'Université. p. 45. En 1443, une occasion allait s'offrir pour réaliser son plan. Les Turcs faisaient la guerre aux chrétiens révoltés. Une bataille s'engagea à Kunovica, près de Nich. L'armée du sultan était commandée par Karambeg, pacha de Roumélie, et Scanderbeg. Or, dès le début des engagements, l'aile confiée à Scanderbeg abandonna ses positions ; le reste de l'armée turque...
• Dabinović, Antun (1990). Hrvatska državna i pravna povijest: s reprodukcijama najvažnijih dokumenata i slikama. Nakladni zavod Matice hrvatske. p. 259. ... na njega s četverostrukom nadmoći, ali se prevariše, jer ih Janko prvih dana nove 1444. god. pobijedi sjajno kod Kunovice, blizu Niša. Arbanasi, koje je vodio Juraj Kastriot ili Skender-beg, odmetnuše se od Turaka usred bitke i prijeđoše protiv njih u otvoreno neprijateljstvo.
• Nicol, Donald M. (14 October 1993). The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453. Cambridge University Press. p. 362. ISBN 978-0-521-43991-6. By 1444 Skanderbeg had escaped from the Turks and was busily organizing revolt from his fortress of Kroia in the ...
• Tadeusz Stanisław Grabowski (1923). Полша, Бѫлгария и славянството. Придворна печатница. p. 41. Най-после има в сръб- ските летописи едно интересно известие, което представя отзвук за участието на Георгя Бранко- вич в боя пред Момина-Клисура. В Дечанския летопис под датата 1444 стои. „И побеже Скендер-бег и разби јего деспоть кодь Момини Клисури завоми турски кьзь дербендь подле Татар-Пазрджика".
• Glasnik Srbskog učenog društva. u Državnoj štampariji. 1872. p. 67. . тhених вратњ називаемiи Момина Клисура (данас Кс дербенд 2 часа западу од Пазаршика. Шреписаоц) и повећхњ мћстахБ тврдих велlлњ утврS SE ј дити пути и засhсти. Скендербег же Георгiи имlн договори
• Летопис Матице српске. У Српској народној задружној штампарији. 1902. p. 11. Таурћа са гБор- ђем Скендербегом на тесннм местнма код Момине Клисуре и код Ку.шшова
• Plenty of sources that Sk's struggle against Ottomans lasted from 1444

RM/Delete campaign

1. Lim-Sandžak Chetnik Detachment - proposed for deletion - complete fiasco
2. Battle for Novi Pazar - title
3. German–Partisan negotiations - title
4. June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina - title
5. Đurđevdan uprising - title
6. SS Polizei-Selbstschutz-Regiment Sandschak - title - complete fiasco
7. Sandžak Muslim militia - title
8. Montenegrin National Army
9. Skanderbeg (military unit) - proposed for deletion
10. Leftist errors (Yugoslavia)
11. Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo

Treća

Istovremeno s operacijom u istočnoj Bosni planirana su dejstva italijanskih trupa i četnika u Sandžaku, Crnoj Gori i Hercegovini protiv partizanskih odreda koji su uspešno dejstvovali, pa če u realizaciji tih planova biti izvedena jedinstvena napadna operacija poznata pod nazivom „Trio", u okviru koje će se voditi odbrambena operacija grupe proleterskih brigada i partizanskih odreda. Operacija „Trio", koja je završena 10. juna 1942, bila je prva napadna operacija u kojoj su zajednički dejstvovale nemačke i italijanske snage. Operacija je u početku planirana u manjem obimu (samo na teritoriji istočne Bosne) ali je u toku izvođenja proširena i na teritoriju Sandžaka, Crne Gore i Hercegovine. To je bila prva bolje planski organizovana i vođena odbrambena operacija koju su izvele partizanske snage oko Vrhovnog štaba.

Croatian strategy in dealing with its atrocious World War II record

In early 1990's newly established Croatia was faced with a dangerous threat to the image of the country, its atrocious World War II record. The Independent State of Croatia pursued genocidal policies to exterminate its Jewish, Roma and Serb population. During the Yugoslav wars of 1990's there was a danger that new state and its conflict with its Serb population would be perceived in connection to the atrocious World War II record of the new state.

To deal with this danger a double-track strategy was implemented trough the Croatian media.

1. The main strategy was to present anti-semitism in the wartime Croatia as imported by Nazi Germany and unsupported by the Croatian people.
2. The second track of this strategy was to present Serbs during World War II as no better or even worse than Croats and to transfer responsibility for the genocide against Jews from the SS, Gestapo and Wehrmacht to the Serbs themselves.

Source: Marko Zivkovic', The Wish to be a Jew. The Power of the Jewish Trope in the Yugoslav Conflict, in: Cahiers de l'URMIS 6, Paris 2000, page 76.

Шуцкори

• Commander of the Schutzkorps was Ademaga Mešić, from Tešanj, who was later collaborator of Ante Pavelić.
  • Ćorović, Vladimir; Vojislav Maksimović (1996). Crna knjiga: patnje Srba Bosne i Hercegovine za vreme Svetskog Rata 1914-1918. Udruženje ratnih dobrovoljaca 1912 - 1918. godine, njihovih potomaka i poštova. Први свјетски рат је на нашим просторима избацио још један риједак злочиначки феномен, а то су шуцкори полувојне а према Србима патолошком мржњом надојене злочиначке скупине, регрутоване, са знањем и циљем власти, претежно из муслиманског и хрватског олоша. Оне су вођене освједоченим српским злотвором Адемагом Мешићем из Тешња, каснијим доглавником Анте Павелића. У Ћоровићевој Црној књизи има веома много примјера шуцкорског бестијалног понашања, а на основу свједочења преживјелих и аутентичних докумената, који су писцу већ били доступни.

Definition of the Macedonian Struggle

Solved:

Based on GBS for "Macedonian Struggle was" there are several positions I was able to identify: Marii͡a Nikolaeva Todorova (2004). Balkan Identities: Nation and Memory. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 212. ISBN 978-1-85065-715-6. ...a new verbal 'Macedonian Struggle' was waged between Greece and the newly independent former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Grece vs. FYROM Elaine Thomopoulos (31 December 2011). The History of Greece. ABC-CLIO. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-313-37511-8. ...the Macedonian struggle was not a declared war between sovereign countries, but guerrilla warfare between two ideas, Hellenism and Bulgarism, reflecting two ethnic entities loathing each other under the umbrella of a foreign conqueror - Greece vs Bulgaria Kaitē Rōmanou (2009). Serbian and Greek Art Music: A Patch to Western Music History. Intellect Books. p. 142. ISBN 978-1-84150-278-6. At the centre of the Macedonian Struggle was the Greek consulate of Thessalonica - implies Greece vs Bulgaria Brendan Simms; D. J. B. Trim (7 April 2011). Humanitarian Intervention: A History. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-139-49794-7. Macedonian struggle was presented to the public as a succession of facts which were rarely related - imprecise Brenda L. Marder (1979). Stewards of the Land: The American Farm School and Greece in the Twentieth Century. Mercer University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-86554-844-2. Macedonia has been the scene of violent clashes among antagonistic Balkan nationalities, familiarly known as the "Macedonian Struggle" - All Balkan nationalities Michael Llewellyn Smith (1998). Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919-1922. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-85065-368-4. - imprecise Davide Rodogno (7 November 2011). Against Massacre: Humanitarian Interventions in the Ottoman Empire, 1815-1914. Princeton University Press. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-691-15133-5. The Macedonian struggle was over churches and nationalities, as often between enemy gangs as against the Ottoman army. - I think implies all Balkan nationalities Balkan Studies. The Institute. 1962. - implies Greece vs Bulgaria Near Eastern Studies Department Princeton University M. Sukru Hanioglu Professor (31 January 2001). Preparation for a Revolution : The Young Turks, 1902-1908: The Young Turks, 1902-1908. Oxford University Press. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-19-977111-0. - All Balkan nationalities (Makedo-Bulgarian, Greek and Serbian bands) Robert Shannan Peckham (18 August 2001). National Histories, Natural States: Nationalism and the Politics of Place in Greece. I.B.Tauris. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-86064-641-6. ... warfare was waged between Greek, Bulgarian and Serbian bands... - All Balkan nationalities (Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia) Dedication & detachment. Essays in honour of Hans Vermeulen. Het Spinhuis. 2001. p. 57. ISBN 978-90-5589-218-1. The Macedonian Struggle was an armed conflict fought out mainly between Greek and Bulgarian bands over the control of the area now known as Greek Macedonia. Hidryma Meletōn Chersonēsou tou Haimou. Institute for Balkan Studies. 1964. - implies all nationalities Based on GBS for "the macedonian struggle" published in 21. century: John Shea (2008). Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation. McFarland. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-7864-3767-2. The Macedonian struggle reached its climax in the Balkan wars of ¡9¡2-¡3, involving a Serbian, Greek, and Bulgarian onslaught against the Turks and their European territory. Though Macedonians often fought with the anti–Turk forces with... Olga Demetriou (15 April 2013). Capricious Borders: Minority, Population, and Counter-Conduct Between Greece and Turkey. Berghahn Books. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-85745-899-5. 'Macedonian Struggle' being the Greek designation for the 1904-1908 conflict between Greece and Bulgaria Joseph Roisman; Ian Worthington (7 July 2011). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley & Sons. p. 574. ISBN 978-1-4443-5163-7. Toward the end of the nineteenth century Greece, Bulgaria and to a lesser extent Serbia became involved in the 'Macedonian Struggle', in which each state asserted its irredentist claims over the people and the territory of Macedonia. Krsté Petkov Misirkov (2003). On Macedonian matters. Macedonian academy of sciences and arts. p. lviii. ISBN 978-9989-101-18-2. The fourth and very important stage in the Macedonian struggle cane into being when Macedonians began to go to Serbia and to promulgate their programme employing Gladstone's device "Macedonia for the Macedonians". Based on the above two searches I conclude that plenty of sources include Serbia to this struggle, some say its participation was limited and some refer to this struggle as mainly Greece vs. Bulgaria, probably because Greece was not directly confronted to Serbia here. I will double check trough performing GBS with "macedonian struggle" Serbia published in 21st century which resulted with: Andre Gerolymatos (5 August 2008). The Balkan Wars. Basic Books. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-7867-2457-4. What was to become known as the Macedonian Struggle or the Macedonian Question was rooted in the diplomatic arangements that collectively settled the Great Eastern Crisis of 1876-8 Richard C. Frucht (2005). Eastern Europe: An Intruduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 596. ISBN 978-1-57607-800-6. This policy marked the beginning of the "Macedonian struggle," since Greece, Serbia, and even Romania also had expansionist ambitions in this area. At the same time, the Slav Macedonian intelligentsia began to leave Macedonia on a huge Keith S. Brown; Yannis Hamilakis (2003). The Usable Past: Greek Metahistories. Lexington Books. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-7391-0384-5. The Macedonian Struggle of 1904-1908, for example, when Greece organized bands to fight against Bulgarian, Serbian, and Rumanized Vlah rivals

Ottoman vs Turkish

• Spencer C. Tucker (2005). World War One. ABC-CLIO. p. 1172. ISBN 978-1-85109-420-2. The majority of both raiding parties consisted of Australian and New Zealand mounted troops, and while they had achieved some stunning successes against entrenched Ottoman positions....Ottoman Fourth Army....Ottoman troops...
• University of Nottingham. Montague Burton International Relations Lecture. p. 50. Turkey or, to use the more correct name, the Ottoman Empire
• William Stewart. Admirals of the World: A Biographical Dictionary, 1500 to the Present. McFarland. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7864-8288-7. In certain places I refer to Turkey, although at the time the correct term was Ottoman Empire, which lasted from 1299 to 1923, when it became the Republic of Turkey.
• Adam Galamaga (May 2011). Representations of Islam in Travel Literature in Early Modern England. GRIN Verlag. p. 7. ISBN 978-3-640-92006-8. The Ottoman Empire was by many authors not even called by its proper name. As the historian L. Charl Brown observes "the West for its part has stubbornly refused to call the Ottoman Empire by its name, instead labelling this multireligious, multilingual, multiethnic polity as 'Turkey' and its ruler 'Turks'" It is important to bear in mind that "Turks" were actually no Turks, but rather Muslims. Interestingly, the word "Turk" became more used as pejorative description of someone violent or tyrannically patriarchal.
• Edward J. Nankivell (1922). The Postage Stamp. Pitman & Sons. p. 103. The proper name of Turkey is the Ottoman Empire,

Various

Orkas attack seal

the political background of Jelena's time early in the article

• Muslimanska milicija

Albanian and Serbian myths about Kosovo

• Albrecht Schnabel; Ramesh Chandra Thakur (1 January 2000). Kosovo and the Challenge of Humanitarian Intervention: Selective Indignation, Collective Action, and International Citizenship. United Nations University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-92-808-1050-9.

Background

Period in which Jelena Balšić lived was a period of disintegration of Serbian Empire since its larger part were conquered by Ottoman Empire after the Battle of Marica in 1371 and the Battle of Kosovo in 1389. The remaining part of Serbian Empire was governed by numerous local noblemen who were under constant pressure either from the Ottoman Empire or European Catholic states like Venetian Republic, Kingdom of Naples or Holy Roman Empire. Serbian Despotate with its province Zeta was among the last European countries which official religion was Eastern Orthodox Christianity.

• Marka Tomić Djurić Institute for Balkan Studies Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Belgrade The Isles of Great Silence Monastic Life on Lake Scutari under the Patronage of the Balšićs

literature importance

• Milan Kašanin (1990). Srpska književnost u srednjem veku. Prosveta. p. 44. Retrieved 5 May 2013. Световне личности су и тако значајни писци као што су деспот Стефан Лазаре- вић, његова сестра Јелена Балшић, дијак Владислав, песник Димитрије Кантакузин, хроничар Константин

Dangic

• Railway
  • Territory of the Provisional Government of Eastern Bosnia had its railway. Locomotive was captured in Han Pijesak (p 73) on 8 August.
  • Rodoljub Čolaković (1956). Zapisi iz oslobodilačkog rata. Prosveta. p. 461. Сутрадан рано кренули смо шумском жељебницом Хан Пијесак — Олово. Пруга, која се налази у нашим рукама
  • Todor Vujasinović (1950). Ozrenski partizanski odred. Svjetlost.
• In service of Dangic - Stevo Vojinovic:
  • p 49 - Dangic was legendary leader, respected and loved.
  • p 50 - Partisans established separate Muslim units in which they recruited Muslims from Ustasha forces in order to fight against Chetniks in Rogatica
  • p 64 - Colakovic explained that he does not care if Ustasha kill all Serbs because after the war is over communists will populate Chinese people instead
  • p 67 - Pero Djukanovic was manipulated by Colakovic to join communists in 1943. In 1947 he participated in execution of Dangic and shot a bullet in his dead body. He whitnessed against Dangic on trial to whitewash himself in front of his new communist lords.
  • p 73 - Chetniks attacked Vlasenica because of Ustashe attrocities in Rasica Gaj where they slaughtered 80 Serbs
• Antun Miletić (1976). Zbornik dokumenata i podataka o narodnooslobodilačkom ratu naroda Jugoslavije: Dokumenti Nemačkog Rajha 1942 (PDF). Vojnoistorijski Institu.
• Aleksa J. Kovačević; Predrag B. Radojković (2002). Ko je klevetnik Jovana Dučića?. Slobodna knjiga. p. 74. У поглављу о принцу Ђорђу Карађорђевићу и мајору Језди- миру Дангићу
  • Dangic wrote to Prince Đorđe Karađorđević to accept leadership over the people of Eastern Bosnia.
• AK - Несколько лет провел в тюрьме Ездимир Дангич (1897-1947), тридцать лет спустя расстрелянный то ли за коллаборционизм, то ли за связь с Буром-Коморовским.

Ustashe massacres in east Bosnia in 1941

• General remarks
  • Nisim Albahari; Istorijski arhiv Sarajevo (1977). Sarajevo u revoluciji: Komunistička partija Jugoslavije u pripremama i organizaciji ustanka. Istorijski arhiv. p. 264. Za ustaše je istočna Bosna bila od posebnog političkog značaja, jer je tu »Drina granica dvaju svjetova«
  • Ibrahim Tepić (1998). Bosna i Hercegovina od najstarijih vremena do kraja Drugog svjetskog rata. Bosanski kulturni centar. p. 344. Pavelić je zakonskom odredbom. 7. juna 1941, odredio istočnu granicu NDH na Drini ... Ustaška propaganda tih dana je nazivala istočnu granicu "međom na Drini" i "kineskim zidom" koji će Hrvate "za sve vijekove djeliti od Srba"
  • Зборник за историју Босне и Херцеговине. Академија. 1995. p. 254. Томе је, свакако, доприносила и чињеница што су усташе у власеничко-сребреничко-зворничком крају већ биле извршиле масовне злочине над виђеним Србима.[(explanation that to the sucess of the uprising in Bosnia in 1941)... contributed a fact that Ustasha already committed mass atrocities against notable Serbs in region of Vlasenica - Srebrenica - Zvornik] Work published by Bosnian Academy in 1995 (unlikely being pro-Serb)
  • Adil Zulfikarpašić (1971). Bosanski pogledi, 1960-1967: izbor članaka : o 50-godišnjici Adila Zulfikarpašića. Smail Balič. p. 28. Ustaška vlast je postavljena do Drine odmah u aprilu 1941 g. Stvoreni su ustaški logori i logornici, oružane postaje itd. Ti krajevi su bili izloženi ustaškom teroru jednako kao i ostali.[Ustashe set up their rule near Drina in April 1941. ... Those regions were subjected to Ustase terror just like other regions.]
• Drinjača - July-August 1941
  • Dinko Davidov; Lj Ranković (1986). Ogrešenja. Izd. Glas Crkve. p. 68. Усташе су доводиле у Дри- њачу поједине Србе и ту их над једним гвозденим петролејским бу- ретом клали, хватајући им крв и одсецајући поједине делове тела ... Црква у Дрињачи претворена је у нужник. Усташе су одсецале полне органе мушке деце, а женске силовали. Две девојке су силоване не смену док нису умрле.
  • Blic, Interview of Rade Jokić with Neđo Lukić who explained that Ustaše had intention to send to Pavelic a barrel full of blood of Serbs they slaughtered. He managed to escape, but many of Serbs were slaughtered and buried without heads. (link)
  • Srebrenica: a ‘safe’ area Appendix IV History and Reminders in East Bosnia present some claims that more than a hundred Serbs were killed in Drinjaèe by 12 August 1941 and that the basket full of eyes found by Italian war journalist, Curzio Malaparte, at Ante Pavelic’s desk during a late-summer visit to Zagreb in 1941 was from Serbs killed in Drinjaèa. This basket was an episode which he described in his autobiographical war novel Kaputt)
• Rašića Gaj - July 1941
  • Gojo Riste Dakina (1994). Genocide Over the Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia: Be Catholic Or Die. Institute of Contemporary History. p. 284. Retrieved 2 October 2013. ...свештеник, парох у Милићима....Ноћу 26/27. јуна усташе су га одвеле у групи ухап- шених Срба и све убили у Рашића гају
  • Danilo Knežević (1961). Četrdeset godina: 1917-1929. Kultura. p. 60. Retrieved 2 October 2013. Tako je, na primjer, u mjesecu julu u nekim jarugama kod Rasica Gaja (nedlaleko od Vlasenice) na svirep nacin poklano oko 80 ljudi.[In example, in July near Rasica Gaj (near Vlasenica) 80 people were slaughtered.]
• Skelani (after 22 June 1941)
  • Jeremija D. Mitrović (1991). Највећи злочини садашњице: Патње и страдање српског народа у Независној држави Хрватској од 1941-1945. Дечје новине. p. 260. ISBN 978-86-367-0486-8. Retrieved 2 October 2013. У месту Скеланима, срез Сребрени- ца, кољем је убијено 48 Срба. У времену од 22. јуна до... [In Skelani, Srebrenica municipality, 48 Serbs were killed with the sticks. In the meantime, between 22 July and...]
• Useful link
  • Blog with useful informations

IPS

• [[1]] - aarhus kommune Denmark
• diff
• Netherland wiki

Skanderbeg Military Unit

Skanderbeg
Allegiance	Albanian Kingdom (1939–43) Italy (1941)
Engagements	World War II Yugoslav Front Uprising in Montenegro

Skanderbeg was Albanian quisling military unit assigned to the 14th Italian Army Corp, composed of Albanian soldiers recruited in Albania during the Second World War. This unit participated in the Italian counteroffensive against insurgents in Montenegro, during the Uprising in Montenegro in 1941. Skanderbeg was composed of four battalions and had the strength of one division or two regiments.

Uprising in Montenegro

Main article: Uprising in Montenegro

During the Italan offensive this military unit operated on the territory between Skadar Lake, Bar and Ulcinj. On 15 July 1941, two days after the outbreak of the uprising, the supreme command of Italian forces in Albania decided to support Italian forces in Montenegro by moving Skanderbeg to Ulcinj. On 17 July Biroli ordered Skanderbeg to seize area on the border between Albania and Montenegro, without crossing it. On 22 July Skanderbeg participated in cleansing action in Mikulići, near Bar.

The first military engagement of this unit was on 4 August 1941 in the area assigned to Division Venezia. Skanderbeg was engaged as vanguard of Italian divisions.

After the suppression of the uprising, Skanderbeg was assigned to 9th Army, together with several military units that initially belonged to the 14th army corps.

References

[[Category:Military units and formations of World War II]] [[Category:Collaborators with Fascist Italy| ]] [[Category:Collaboration during World War II]] [[Category:Albania in World War II]] [[Category:Montenegro in World War II]] [[Category:Military units and formations established in 1941]]

Albania fall under Ottoman control in 1385, after the Battle of Savra. The Ottomans erected their garrisons throughout southern Albania by 1415 and established formal jurisdiction over most of Albania by 1431. Most of the territory of Albania belonged to Ottoman Empire (as Sanjak of Albania) or Venetian Republic where Albanians were loyal citizens. There was one revolt which lasted only in period 1432-1436 only in one small part of Albania near Gjirokaster. Therefore in 1443 Albanians could not "continue" to resist. Many Albanians were actually recruited into the Ottoman forces of the region. Skanderbeg controlled the small non-coastal region which was scarcely populated, while his forces were not monoethnic because they consisted of Albanians, Serbs, Greeks, Aromanians... who fought against their fellow citizens in Ottoman forces, not only against Turks. Actually, before the Second Battle of Kosovo, Skanderbeg was in war against Venetian Republic in favor of the Kingdom of Naples which suzerainty he later accepted. Skanderbeg became national hero of Albanians only at the end of the 19th century. The "resistance to the Ottomans" under Skanderbeg in Albania was actually in many cases a civil war of local tribes.

The problematic text was added by IP editor with this edits (diffs). Unfortunately, the Ottoman Empire history does not receive necessary attention, so somehow this edits went below the radar. "After the Ottomans lost the Battle of Niš in 1443, Skanderbeg and forces under his command fled the battlefield and took control over Krujë and the region around the north-east border between modern-day Albania and Macedonia with several Ottoman fortresses including strategically very important Svetigrad (Kodžadžik near Debar) and Modrič. Skanderbeg resisted to accept 25 years this region remained under his control"