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Diabetes type 2 in Australia
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood glucose for an extended period. Diabetes cannot be transferred from one person to another.[2] Signs and symptoms of diabetes include frequent urination, decreased or blurry vision, being more tired and experiencing headaches.[3]. Not dealing with diabetes can cause major health damage to the entire body, such as stroke, limb amputation and cardiovascular disease.[2] There are three main types of diabetes.Type 1, Type 2 and gestational diabetes.
- Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the absolute deficiency of insulin produced by the pancreas.[4]
- Type 2 diabetes results from a combination of, muscles not responding to insulin or the lack of insulin produced.[4]
- Gestational diabetes occur during pregnancy, when there is high level of blood glucose and the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin to absorb all the glucose.[5]
prevention and management of diabetes include a combination of exercise and healthy diet. Medications and injections of insulin are also effective approaches to manage diabetes.
Signs and Symptoms
[edit]For type 2 diabetes, symptoms can be hard to notice or some people might not even have any symptoms. Other existing symptoms can be ignored and seen as part of ‘getting older’. As a result by the time type 2 diabetes is detected, complications may already be present.[6] Some of the symptoms include but are not limited to, decreased or blurry vision, the passing of more urine than normal, hyperglycemia, and headaches.[3]
Causes
[edit]Type 2 diabetes can be characterized by insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes results from a combination of the inability of the muscle cells to respond to insulin properly, or the lack of insulin production by the pancreas.[4] Type 2 diabetes has been linked to mainly to urbanization and environmental transition. Examples are, saturation of large supermarkets, displacing fresh local food. Another example of change of environmental transition is the change of occupation from generally labor to more sedentary work.[7] Causes such as aging and genetics are inevitable. However other factors contributing massively to the causes of type 2 diabetes are based more on lifestyle. Unhealthy diet, obesity and physical inactivity are some examples.[8]
Management
[edit]Management of chronic diseases in Australia is one of the major challenges the health care system is facing today.[9] Management of type 2 diabetes is to keep levels of blood sugar as close to normal as possible without causing hypoglycemia. In Australia % 9 of all adults aged from 18 and over had diabetes as of 2014.[10] Of all diabetes cases in Australia, %85 of them are type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can be managed through following nutritious meal plans and exercise programs. However medications and insulin injections may be required for particular cases.[11] In the early 20th century insulin was discovered by Canadian surgeon, Banting and his assistant Best. After experimenting on dogs, they found that they could use it on humans, and it proved to be a sensation to the world in 1922. [12] Aerobic exercises can improve whole body insulin sensitivity. Strength training will also benefit type 2 diabetes patients. In a randomised controlled trial, twice weekly progressive resistance training for 16 weeks by older men with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes resulted in %46.3 increase in insulin action.[4] A diet containing vegetables, high fiber cereal products is recommended. Additionally mono saturated oils such as, olive and canola oil are best options for cooking.[2]
History
[edit]The traces of diabetes goes back to 1500 B.C in Egyptian manuscripts, being characterized by the too great passing urine. 400 to 500 A.D, Indian physician Sushruta and surgeon Charaka were able to identify the two types of diabetes, later to be named type 1 and type 2. Type 1 being associated with the youth and the type 2 being overweight.[12] The term ‘diabetes’ is attributed to Aretaeus of Cappadocia, who fully described it in the 1st century A.D. And the term ‘mellitus’, the Latin word for honey, refering to the sweetness of the urine, was first coined by British surgeon John Rollo in 1798.[12] some former names of type 2 diabetes are non-insulin dependent and adult onset as diabetes type 2 mostly occurred in adults.[10]
Prevention
[edit]If the cause of type 2 diabetes is not genetic, then it can most likely be prevented from causing complications or even be present. The quality of life and increased life expectancy can be achieved if early actions are taken to delay or prevent type 2 diabetes. A dietary of low intake of fat and increased vegetable consumption combined with moderate physical activity, ranging from 30 to 40 minutes on most days of the week will prevent diabetes type 2.[13]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Blue circle". International Diabetes Federation.
- ^ a b c "Australian type 2 diabetes risk management tool". Department of Health. July 2013.
- ^ a b Ramachandran, A. (2014). Know the signs and symptoms of diabetes. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 140(5), 579-581. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4311308/
- ^ a b c d Colberg, S. R., Albright, A. L., Blissmer, B. J., Braun, B., Chasan-Taber, L., Fernhall, B., . . . American Diabetes Association. (2010). Exercise and type 2 diabetes: American college of sports medicine and the american diabetes association: Joint position statement. exercise and type 2 diabetes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 42(12), 2282. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21115758
- ^ "Gestational diabetes". Diabetes Australia.
- ^ "Diabetes type 2". Diabetes Australia.
- ^ Ley, S., Hamdy, O., Mohan, V., & Hu, F. (2014). Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: Dietary components and nutritional strategies. Lancet, 383(9933), 1999-2007. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60613-9 Retrieved from http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)60613-9/abstract
- ^ "Risk factors". International diabetes federation.
- ^ Afzali, H. H. A., Karnon, J., Gray, J., & Beilby, J. (2012). A model-based evaluation of collaborative care in management of patients with type 2 diabetes in australia: An initial report. Australian Health Review, 36(3), 258-263. doi:10.1071/AH11084 Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22935112
- ^ a b "Diabetes fact sheet N° 312". World Health Organization. January 2015.
- ^ "Diabetes". Department of Health. January 2015.
- ^ a b c Lakhtakia, R. (2013). The history of diabetes mellitus. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 13(3), 368-370 Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
- ^ Alberti, K. G. M. M., Zimmet, P., & Shaw, J. (2007). International diabetes federation: A consensus on type 2 diabetes prevention. Diabetic Medicine : A Journal of the British Diabetic Association, 24(5), 451-463. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02157.x Retrived from https://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/IDF_prevention_consensus_DM.pdf