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Nan Goldin

Much of Goldin's article touches on drug addiction and how she portrayed it in her photography. There isn't very much surrounding her involvement in the AIDS epidemic. I intend to write more on her exhibition Witnesses: Against Our Vanishing. I will use interviews she has done as well as journal articles about the exhibition.

Mazur, Adam. “Interview with Nan Goldin.” Interview with Nan Goldin, Marek Grygiel, 2003, fototapeta.art.pl/2003/ngie.php.

Witnesses: against our vanishing, 1989. Lucy R. Lippard papers, 1930s-2010, bulk 1960s-1990. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

Stine, Alison (2000) "The Sheeted Center: Nan Goldin and Virginia Woolf," Articulāte: Vol. 5 , Article 6.

Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association

The article briefly discusses the CCBA in San Francisco despite copious amounts of information on the topic. I intend to thicken this portion of the article and add information regarding the plague in San Francisco. I will use the following sources.

Lai, H. (2017). “Historical Development of the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association/Huiguan System”. [online] Him Mark Lai Digital Archive. Available at: https://himmarklai.org/digitized-articles/1986-1990/historical-development-of-the-chinese-consolidated-benevolent-association/ [Accessed 8 Nov. 2017].

Mullen, K. (2017). The Six Companies - FoundSF. [online] Foundsf.org. Available at: http://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=The_Six_Companies [Accessed 8 Nov. 2017].

Shah, N. (2011). Contagious divides. Berkeley [u.a.]: Univ. of California Press, pp.129-146.

The six original Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Associations in San Francisco were already operating as separate entities with some degree of mutual coordination^[1] before the first Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association was formally established in 1882.^[2]

The Six Companies consisted of the six most important Chinese district associations of California at that time: the Sam Yup Company, Yeong Wo Company, Kong Chow Company, Ning Yung Company, Hop Wo Company, and Yan Wo Company.^[3] Among their early efforts, they attempted to deter prostitution in the Chinese community, to encourage Chinese immigrants to lead moral lives, and to discourage what they described as excessive continuing Chinese immigration creating hostility toward Chinese already in America.^[4] In 1875, they endorsed the position that continued Chinese immigration was resulting in a general lowering of wages, both for whites and for Chinese already in America.^[5]

The CCBA acted as counsel for merchants and workers regarding finances and immigration. They also secured the most competent legal team in San Francsisco and became versed in using the federal courts and legal system to fight discrimination and to protect the Chinese community's legal rights. This was especially prevalent during the San Francisco plague of 1900-1904 and around the time of the Chinese Exclusion Act.

Advocacy during San Francisco Plague of 1900-1904

During the San Francisco Plague the organization did not fight limited quarantine of individual residences until the blockade of Chinatown appeared to be evident racism against Chinese inhabitants. ^[6] In 1904, the CCBA of San Francisco asked the people of China to pressure the United States into better treatment of Chinese immigrants. This was followed by the Chinese Boycott of 1905 of American goods and resulted in some progress in bettering treatment of immigrants but did not change any current laws. ^[7]

Advocacy during Chinese Exclusion Laws

In 1892 Congress passed the Geary Act, where Chinese laborers were required to register for residency or they would face deportation. The Six Companies discouraged the people from registering due to the unconstitutional nature of the law. In 1893, the Six Companies hired lawyers for the case Fong Yue Ting v. United States. The law was upheld and consequently significantly decreased the amount of Chinese immigrants able to enter the United States. ^[8]

Chinese Boycott of 1905

The Chinese Boycott of 1905 was a large-scale boycott of American goods in China. It followed a string of anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States. This included violence against Chinese immigrants, such as the 1903 Boston Chinatown immigration raid as well as discriminatory laws put in place. These laws included the Chinese Exclusion Act and the Geary Act. ^[9] The boycott originated when the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association of San Francisco called upon the people of China to pressure the United States into bettering treatment of Chinese immigrants in America.^[10] The boycott lasted for almost one year and garnered support from all major Chinese organizations. It came to an end when the Qing government, under pressure from the United States government, revoked its support for the boycott. Ultimately the boycott did not change any discriminatory laws, however, the Chinatown raids eventually ceased.^[11]

^ "A Memorial…", p. 18–23 in [Yung et al. 2006], is an example of a document jointly issued by the Six Companies as early as 1876.
^ Lai, Him Mark. "Historical Development of the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association/Huiguan System" (PDF). The Him Mark Lai Digital Archive. Chinese Historical Society of America. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
^ [Yung et al. 2006] p. 23.
^ [Yung et al. 2006] p. 20 et. seq.
^ [Yung et al. 2006] p. 25.
^ Shah, N. (2011). Contagious divides. Berkeley [u.a.]: Univ. of California Press, pp.129-146.
^ Lai, H., Huang, J. and Wong, D. (1980). The Chinese of America. San Francisco: Phelps-Schaefer, pp.50-51.
^ Tong, B. (2000). The Chinese Americans. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, pp.42-43.
^ Tong, B. (2000). The Chinese Americans. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, pp.47-48.
^ Lai, H., Huang, J. and Wong, D. (1980). The Chinese of America. San Francisco: Phelps-Schaefer, pp.50-51.
^ Tong, B. (2000). The Chinese Americans. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, pp.52-53.

[1] "A Memorial…", p. 18–23 in [Yung et al. 2006], is an example of a document jointly issued by the Six Companies as early as 1876.

[Lai_History-2] Lai, Him Mark. "Historical Development of the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association/Huiguan System" (PDF). The Him Mark Lai Digital Archive. Chinese Historical Society of America. Retrieved 10 February 2016.

[3] [Yung et al. 2006] p. 23.

[4] [Yung et al. 2006] p. 20 et. seq.

[5] [Yung et al. 2006] p. 25.

[6] Shah, N. (2011). Contagious divides. Berkeley [u.a.]: Univ. of California Press, pp.129-146.

[7] Lai, H., Huang, J. and Wong, D. (1980). The Chinese of America. San Francisco: Phelps-Schaefer, pp.50-51.

[8] Tong, B. (2000). The Chinese Americans. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, pp.42-43.

[9] Tong, B. (2000). The Chinese Americans. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, pp.47-48.

[10] Lai, H., Huang, J. and Wong, D. (1980). The Chinese of America. San Francisco: Phelps-Schaefer, pp.50-51.

[11] Tong, B. (2000). The Chinese Americans. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, pp.52-53.

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