User:Alansplodge/sandbox

Wikipedia:Obtaining geographic coordinates

• INAUGURATING A NEW REIGN: PLANNING FOR ACCESSION AND CORONATION

Undiscovered Zhoushan: Dongji Islands

[1]

East Pole Islands or Dongji Dao

Qingbangdao

Nimori Genichiro

Lisbon Maru (りすぼん丸) was a Japanese freighter which was used as a troopship and prisoner-of-war transport between China and Japan. On 1 October 1942, while carrying almost 2,000 British and Commonwealth prisoners, she was torpedoed by a US Navy submarine and sank the following day. More than 800 of these men died, many of whom were shot or otherwise killed by the Japanese while they were seeking rescue.

After the capture of Hong Kong by the Imperial Japanese Army on 25 December 1941, some 11,000 British, Canadian, Indian and locally recruited troops became prisoners of war. During 1942, the Japanese found that they had a worsening shortage of labour in their home islands, so they began the transfer of Allied prisoners of war to Japan for forced labour in mines, construction, industry and agriculture.

References

Anthony Eden; "The uniform is to consist of one suit of overalls of design similar to that of battle dress, a field service cap, and an armlet bearing the letters 'L.D.V.'".

Anthony Eden; "I am glad to be able to inform my hon. Friend that members of the Home Guard are to be supplied with boots."

Weapons

Fleming, Peter Operation Sea Lion: Hitler's Plot to Invade England (p. 200) - initial organisation and improvised weapons.

Ralph Eastwood

Robert Bridgeman, 2nd Viscount Bridgeman

[2]

he Defence of the United Kingdom (History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series)

References

Jackson, Robert (2013), Churchill's Channel War: 1939-45, Osprey Publishing, ISBN: 9781472800671

Jewell, Brian (1981), British Battledress, 1937-61, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 0-85045-387-9 (p. 6)]

Lords of Parliament: Manners, Rituals and Politics By Emma Crewe

Comparison 1911 & 1937 Naval Reviews [3]

1911 Empire Parliamentary Association [4]

Boy Scouts help line the route [5]

Osprey - Men at Arms 107 - British Infantry Equipment (1)

MissSmithandherfamily.pdf - Colchester Castle

Background

The British corps, under the command of Lieutenant-General Sir Ralph Abercromby, had been sent to Egypt to remove the French garrison from the region, following Napoleon's departure in August 1799. On 1 March 1801, the British corps, originally consisting of 15,300 men but much affected by disease, carried by a fleet of 175 ships, arrived at the natural harbour of Abu Qir, (known to the British as "Aboukir Bay"), some 23 kilometres (14 miles) from the port city of Alexandria. On 8 March, the British vanguard of 5,500 came ashore by boat, opposed by a French force of some 2,000 drawn up on the sand dunes overlooking the landing beach, an action known as the Second Battle of Abukir. The French were forced to retreat and the whole British corps had landed by nightfall.

Having established a depot and field hospital on the beach, the British besieged and captured Aboukir Castle from the French and began a cautious advance towards Alexandria along the narrow isthmus between the sea and Lake Aboukir, also known as "Lake Maadie". By 12 March, the British had reached a feature called Mandora Tower, where they made camp for the night.

End of the Affair: The Collapse of the Anglo-French Alliance, 1939-40 By Eleanor M. Gates

Duke of Brunswick The Edinburgh Annual Register for 1809

Tour through the Eastern counties of England, 1722, by Defoe, Daniel

SAINTS’ RELICS IN MEDIEVAL ENGLISH LITERATURE Pilgrimage in England

Pilgrimage in Medieval England

Christian pilgrimage was an important feature of religion in Medieval England. Pilgrims travelled to venerate shrines, relics or artistic depictions of Jesus or the saints, which they believed would bring physical healing or forgiveness of sin. The practice of pilgrimage ended with the Reformation in England.

BEF Air Component

• The Development of British Tactical Air Power, 1940-1943: A History of Army ... By Matthew Powell

• The RAF in the Battle of France and the Battle of Britain by Greg Baughen.

Timeline of British Army uniforms and equipment

This is a Timeline of British Army uniforms and equipment. For an overview, see History of the British Army

17th Century

Main articles: English Army and Royal Scots Army

• 1645: the New Model Army of England was created by Parliament in the English Civil War. The regiments of foot were provided with red coats using Venetian red which was the least expensive dye.
• 1660: the Restoration of the monarchy established a standing English army; colonels of regiments made their own arrangements for the manufacture of uniforms under their command, although red was a commonly used colour.

18th century

Main article: British soldiers in the eighteenth century

• 1707: establishment of a Board of General Officers which regulated the clothing of the army by a "sealed pattern" of uniform. Long red coats were lined with contrasting colours and turned out to provide distinctive regimental facings.
• 1747: the first of a series of clothing regulations and royal warrants that set out the various facing colours and distinctions to be borne by each regiment. The long coat was worn with a white or buff coloured waistcoat.
• 1797: the long tailcoat and waistcoat were replaced by a tightly fitting coatee.
• 1799: the traditional tricorne hat was replaced by a tall "stovepipe" shako.

19th century

Main articles: British Army during the Napoleonic Wars and British Army during the Victorian Era

Losses

Lancastria sinking off Saint-Nazaire

A fresh air raid began before 16:00. Lancastria was bombed at 15:48 by Junkers Ju 88 aircraft from Kampfgeschwader 30. Three direct hits caused the ship to list first to starboard then to port, while a fourth bomb fell down the ship's smokestack, detonating inside the engine room and releasing more than 1,200 tons of crude oil into the Loire estuary. Fifteen minutes after being hit, Lancastria began to capsize and some of those who were still on board managed to scramble over the ship's railing to sit on the ship's underside. Lancastria sank within twenty minutes.

When German aircraft began strafing survivors in the water, the fuel oil which had leaked into the sea ignited, and was quickly transformed into a flaming inferno. Many drowned; others were choked by the oil, or were shot by strafing German aircraft.

Survivors were taken aboard other evacuation vessels, the trawler HMT Cambridgeshire rescuing 900. There were 2,477 survivors, of whom about 100 were still alive in 2011. Many families of the dead knew only that they died with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF); the death toll accounted for roughly a third of the total losses of the BEF in France. She sank around 5 nmi (9.3 km) south of Chémoulin Point in the Charpentier roads, around 9 nmi (17 km) from St. Nazaire. The Lancastria Association names 1,738 people known to have been killed. In 2005, Fenby wrote that estimates of the death toll vary from fewer than 3,000 to 5,800 people although it is also estimated that as many as 6,500 people perished, the largest loss of life in British maritime history.

Rudolph Sharp survived the sinking and went on to command the RMS Laconia, losing his life on 12 September 1942 in the Laconia incident off West Africa.

Leyton History Society

French Fortifications, 1715-1815: An Illustrated History

The Breaking Point: Sedan and the Fall of France, 1940 Doughty.

Battle for the Escaut, 1940: The France and Flanders Campaign Murland.

Napoleon's Defeat of the Habsburgs: Volume III: Wagram and Znaim

With Eagles to Glory: Napoleon and His German Allies in the 1809 Campaign

Der Schwarze Herzog: Friedrich Wilhelm von Braunschweig-Oels – Eine Biographie

Frederick William, duke of Brunswick, 1771-1815, r.1806-7, 1813-15

Des Herzogs Friedrich Wilhelm von Braunschweig Zug durch Norddeutchland

Unter der Fahne des schwarzen Herzogs anno 1809

When the War of the Fifth Coalition broke out in 1809, Frederick William used this opportunity to create a Freikorps of partisans with the support of the Austrian Empire. This corps was called the Black Brunswickers because they wore black uniforms in mourning for their occupied country. He financed the corps independently by mortgaging his principality in Oels. After a spell in defensive positions, The Brunswick corps was attached to an Austrian force under Lieutenant field marshal Karl Friedrich am Ende, which was tasked with making a diversionary expedition into French-occupied Saxony in the hope of inspiring an insurrection.

[VCH Leyton: Churches

An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought, Volume 2

Leytonstone and its history; with especial reference to the establishment and development of church services therein, and a short account of former residents and residences, etc

A History of the Parish of Leyton, Essex p. 72

The religious life of London p. 364

William Cotton Oswell, Hunter and Explorer: The Story of His Life

English Coronation Records

A Precarious Existence: British Submariners in World War One

• Hodge, David (November 1927). ""Wee Macgreegor" Twenty-Five. An appreciation of J. J. Bell". The Bookman. London.

St Leonard's Church, Lexden

Church of St Leonard, Lexden
Church of St Leonard from the north
Church of St Leonard, Lexden Location in Essex
Location	Lexden, Essex, England
Denomination	Church of England
Website	www.stleonardslexden.org.uk
History
Dedication	Saint Leonard of Noblac
Architecture
Heritage designation	Grade II
Designated	19 February 1959
Architect(s)	Mark Greystone Thompson
Style	Neo-Early English and Perpendicular gothic
Years built	1820-21
Administration
Province	Canterbury
Diocese	Chelmsford
Archdeaconry	Colchester
Deanery	Colchester
Benefice	Lexden

The Church of Saint Leonard is a Church of England parish church in Lexden, a suburb of Colchester in Essex, England. Originating in the early 12th century, the medieval building became unsafe and was demolished in 1820. A new church building was completed in 1821, with an extension added in 1892. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a Grade II listed building,

Description

View from the northeast.

The main part of the church building is a wide nave without aisles, in the Neo-Early English Gothic style, but with Perpendicular Gothic window tracery. There is a wooden gallery at the west end, supported on slim iron columns. The large chancel to the east, which is taller than the nave, is in the Perpndicular style. It is flanked by a chapel on the north side and to the south, by a shallow chamber for the pipe organ. There is a north porch and a modern parish room to the south. At the west end is a square bell tower, surmounted by a copper-covered octagonal spire which is louvred at the base; the distinctive design of which was described by Nikolaus Pevsner as "funny". The exterior of the nave is cement render, while the chancel and north chapel are faced with knapped flint on a freestone plinth. The east stained glass window is by Heaton, Butler and Bayne and two others are by Charles Eamer Kempe. An elaborate wall monument to Richard Hewitt who died in 1771 is attrbuted to Richard Hayward.

History

Old St Leonard's Church, before its demolition in 1820.

The first record of a church at Lexden was when Eudo Dapifer, the Castellan of Colchester Castle who died in 1120, gave a part of the tithes (a local tax to support the parish church) to St John's Abbey. In 1254, the advowson, the right to appoint a parish priest, was held by John de Burgh, the lord of the manor of Lexden; this right continued with the manor through the FitzWalter, Lucas, Rawstorn, and Papillon families, until 1978. The names of the Rectors of Lexden are recorded since 1291. The rector's income from the parish was the richest in the Liberty of Colchester, valued at 40 shillings (£2) in 1254.

The turbulent times following the Reformation in England affected St Leonards; in 1574, the rector resigned after being accused of failing to preach regular sermons and in 1586, Robert Searle was threatened with removal for Nonconformist practices. In contrast, his successor, Stephen Nettles, wrote tracts against the Puritans and continued to use the Book of Common Prayer, leading to him being deprived of his income in 1644, although he refused to yield the rectory until he was forced out in 1647; the imposed Puritan rector was harrassed by angry parishioners and finally left in 1650 to be replaced another member of the Nettles family. In June 1648, the Siege of Colchester began; Thomas Fairfax, commander of the Roundhead besiegers encamped on Lexden Heath, parked his artillery on the high ground behind the church.

St Leonard's in 1878, showing the small chancel (left) before its replacement in the 1890s.

The fabric of the medieval building was already described as "decayed" in 1607. A wooden clock tower was added on the north chapel in 1748. By the start of the 19th century, the church building was in a very decrepid state and was furthermore, too small for the number of parishioners as the area had begun to change from an agricultural village to a suburb of Colchester. Between 1820 and 1821, a new building was constructed in the Gothic Revival style, a little to the south of the old church which was demolished. The project was led by the rector, George Preston, and funded by local subsriptions of £900 together with a £500 grant from the Society for Promoting the Enlargement, Building, and Repairing of Churches and Chapels. The design was by Mark Greystone Thompson of Dedham, a carpenter-turned-architect who was responsible for a number of churches and rectories in Essex and East Anglia, including St Nicholas' Church in Harwich. The layout of the building reflected the liturgical practices of the time, which favoured preaching over ceremony, so the chancel was rather small and shallow. The new church was described by the antiquarian Thomas Wright in 1836:

"...a very handsome specimen of modern Gothic architecture, with a tower and spire leaded; the interior is extremely neat, having a convenient chancel, and at the west end a gallery for the singers..."

In 1845 a new parish of All Saints' Stanway (now All Saints' Shrub End) was formed from part of the west of Lexden parish. In 1869, a chapel of ease dedicated to Saint Paul was opened in the north of Lexden parish to cater for the growing population around Colchester railway station, and in 1879, it was also given a separate parish.

Towards the end of the 19th century, the style of worship in Anglican churches had changed and the need for a larger chancel was apparent. In 1892-94, a spacious new chancel and north chapel were built, designed by John Charles Traylen (1845-1907) of Stamford, Lincolnshire. A projected south chapel was never completed. Much of the elaborately carved woodwork in the church is the work of the rector at that time, John Henry Lester (1845-1900), who also wrote a number of hymns. In 1901, a large pipe organ was installed by Norman and Beard.

During the First World War, St Leonard's was one of five Colchester churches which were asked to provide regular church parade services for the huge number of soldiers stationed in Colchester Garrison, as the military chaplains based there had been overwhelmed.

The 2008 parish room, viewed from the garden of rest.

THe chuchyard was closed to burials in 1946, but a garden of rest, featuring a columbarium for 300 urns and an altar, to the design of Bailey and Walker was opened in 1950. In 2008, a new parish room was added, designed by Bakers of Danbury, replacing the original south porch and vestry.

Present day

The main service is Eucharist on Sunday mornings with a full choir, also some weekday services and Evensong once a month. The church runs a number of courses and support groups. For young people, there is a junior church during services, occasional "messy church" for small children, a youth group and a Scout Group. In 2023, St Leonard's had 206 members on the electoral roll, 57% of whom were residents of the parish.

Sources

• Beaken, Robert (2015). The Church of England and the Home Front, 1914-1918. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1783270514.
• Pevsner, Nikolaus; Radcliffe, Enid (1965). The Buildings of England: Essex. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0140710116.
• Round, John Horace (1882). The History and Antiquities of Colchester Castle. Colchester: Benham & Co.
• Saur, Klaus Gerhard, ed. (1991). British Biographical Archive: Series 2, Volume 7. Munich: K. G. Saur Verlag. p. 2884. ISBN 978-3598336300.
• Wright, Thomas (1836). The history and topography of the County of Essex, Volume I. London: George Virtue.