User:Al Ameer son/Ottoman Nablus
Musa Bey Tuqan
[edit]Musa Bey Tuqan (died 20 December 1823) was the mutasallim of Nablus between 1801 and his death in 1823,[1] making his reign as mutasallim the longest in Nablus since the 17th century.[2] Under his leadership, the Tuqan clan became the dominant urban faction in Jabal Nablus against their rivals, the Nimr clan. In 1817, Musa's violent attempt to oust the Nimrs from Nablus resulted in a backlash from the rural clans of Jabal Nablus, including the Jarrar, Abd al-Hadi and Qasim clans, who backed the Nimrs.[1]
References
[edit]Muhammad ibn Farrukh
[edit]Described by Muhibbi as "one of the world's most famous heroes and renowned noblemen".[1] His reputation for quelling the Bedouin tribes was such that Bedouin tribesmen would invoke his name to scare one another, according to Muhibbi. Muhibbi also relates that Muhammad ibn Farrukh loved music and singing. He was also well-read and memorized numerous poems, including al-Hariri's maqamat. According to Dror Ze'evi, Muhibbi's praises of Muhammad ibn Farrukh were sympathetic and exaggerated.[2]
In the mid-17th century, the Sublime Porte under the Köprülü viziers began a process of centralization throughout the empire. With the elimination of Fakhr ad-Din's threat to Ottoman control in the Levant, the Sublime Porte sought to bring an end to the Ridwan-Farrukh-Turabay dynasty. Beside wariness of their increasing consolidation of power in Palestine, the Sublime Porte was disappointed by the substantially decreased revenues from the annual Hajj caravan.[3]
References
[edit]Abd al-Hadi clan
[edit]The Abd al-Hadi clan is a Palestinian family with a history of significant political and economic influence in Ottoman and British Palestine, particularly in the Jabal Nablus region.
History
[edit]Origins
[edit]The Abd al-Hadis claim descent from an ancient Arab tribe that was given control over the village of Arraba by the Ayyubid sultan Saladin following his conquest of Palestine from the Crusaders in 1187. Gradually, Arraba emerged as the throne village of the clan. From Arraba, some members of the family moved to Jenin and Nablus.[1]
Rise
[edit]In the 19th century, during Ottoman rule, the Abd al-Hadi clan emerged as a powerful force in Jabal Nablus. Members of the family served in the Ottoman military and various administrative posts.[2] At the time, the main clans that dominated the rural hinterland of Jabal Nablus were the Jarrar and Qasim clans, while the Tuqan and Nimr families dominated politics in the town of Nablus. The Abd al-Hadis received support from Tuqans and the powerful governors of Acre, Jezzar Pasha (1776-1804) and Sulayman Pasha (1805-1819) as a counterweight to the Jarrars.[3] With Sulayman Pasha's support in particular, the family shifted from its restricted power in Arraba to becoming a powerful force in Jabal Nablus. During this period, the clan built a large manor in Nablus town. They became rivals of the Tuqans as members of the Yaman confederation, and were allied with the Qasims and the Nimrs.[4]
The sheikh of the clan, Husayn Abd al-Hadi, welcomed the annexation of Ottoman Syria by Egypt under governor Ibrahim Pasha. Together with the heads of the Nimr and Qasim clans, Husayn pledged his allegiance to Muhammad Ali's Egypt at the Ibrahim's camp in Acre.[4] Along with his ally Qasim al-Ahmad, Husayn also contributed peasant irregulars to assist Ibrahim's troops in their Syrian war efforts.[5] In the two years after Palestine's conquest by the Egyptians, Husayn proved himself a loyal and effective deputy of Ibrahim, and in either late 1833 or early 1834, Husayn was rewarded by being assigned the governor of Sidon Eyalet.[4] The latter included all of Palestine since 1830.[3] Members of the Abd al-Hadi clan were also given administrative posts in Palestine. For instance, Sulayman Abd al-Hadi, Husayn's son, was appointed mutasallim (tax collector) of Nablus.[4]
In contrast to the other major rural clans, the Abd al-Hadi family sought to benefit from new political and financial opportunities offered by centralization policies by moving to the urban district centers. However, they were careful to maintain their alliances and clients in the rural hinterland.[6] Between 1836 and 1838, the Abd al-Hadi clan purchased vast tracts of public lands around Arraba and Ya'bad, and to a lesser extent in Kafr Qaddum and Ajjah, in a series of 11 transactions. Between 1838 and the end of Egyptian rule in 1840, realizing Egyptian rule was beginning to look vulnerable, they purchased far more public lands in a series of 21 transactions. The lands in the second wave of purchases were mostly fertile lands planted with grains and cotton, located in valleys and plains and isolated from population centers. Moreover, many of the Abd al-Hadis' commercial properties, residences, soap factories, mills and warehouses in Nablus were dedicated as waqf (religious trust) property to legally protect their ownership.[7]
In 1850, members of the Abd al-Hadi clan served as the administrators of Jenin Sanjak, (45 villages) led by Yusuf Sulayman Abd al-Hadi,[8] Nablus Sanjak, led by Mahmud Bey Abd al-Hadi (who replaced Sulayman Bey Tuqan),[9] and Sha'rawiyya Nahiya (23 villages) led by Salih Bey Abd al-Hadi and Abd al-Rahman Abd al-Hadi.[8] All were sons or grandsons of Husayn. Salih Bey was also the district-governor of Haifa and appointed the mukhtars of the Bilad al-Haritha subdistrict between Beisan and Nazareth in 1851.[10]
Fall
[edit]The Abd al-Hadis had been engaged in a bloody civil war with the Tuqans between 1841 and 1858. In January 1859, Mahmud Bey was dismissed as qaimaqam of Nablus and replaced by a Turk named Reza Bey. Then in April 1859, the Ottomans launched an operation to bring down the Abd al-Hadi family and arrest its leadership.[11] Hundreds of Ottoman regulars armed with two artillery pieces and backed the peasant militias of the Jarrars and Tuqans briefly besieged Arraba before breaking its defenses in a bloody battle. Arraba was looted, its defenses destroyed and the fortified compounds of the Abd al-Hadi clan were dismantled by masons.[12] Several leaders of the clan were banished, but Salih Bey, the head of the clan was eventually pardoned by the authorities.[11] His sons and grandsons, who escaped the village, went on to serve minor posts in Haifa.[13]
References
[edit]- ^ Muslih, pp. 27-28.
- ^ Sharon, p. 62.
- ^ a b Doumani, p. 46.
- ^ a b c d Sharon, p. 63.
- ^ Rood, p. 96.
- ^ "Essays on Ottoman Civilization". Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute: 400. 1998.
- ^ Doumani, p. 87.
- ^ a b Doumani, p. 48.
- ^ Doumani, p. 132.
- ^ Doumani, p. 47.
- ^ a b Rogers, p. 420.
- ^ Doumani, p. 233.
- ^ Yazbak, p. 151.
Bibliography
[edit]- Doumani, Beshara (1995). Rediscovering Palestine: Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus, 1700-1900. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20370-4.
- Rustum, Asad (1938). The Royal Archives of Egypt and the Disturbances in Palestine, 1834. American University of Beirut Press.
- Sharon, Moshe (1997). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae (CIAP).: A. Volume 1. Brill.
- Yazbak, Mahmoud (1998). Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period, A Muslim Town in Transition, 1864–1914. Brill Academic Pub. ISBN 90-04-11051-8.