User:Aidanjh/sandbox
The Schwerbelastungskörper (German: "heavy load-bearing body"); is a hefty concrete cylinder located at the intersection of Dudenstraße, General-Pape-Straße, and Loewenhardtdamm in the northwestern part of the borough of Tempelhof in Berlin, Germany. It was built by Hitler's chief architect Albert Speer to determine the feasibility of constructing large buildings on the area's marshy, sandy ground. Erected between 1941 and 1942, it was meant to test the ground for a massive triumphal arch on a nearby plot.[1] The arch, in the style of the Nazi architectural movement, was to be about three times as large as the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. It was one component of a plan to redesign the center of Berlin as an imposing, monumental capital reflecting the spirit of the Nazi Germany as envisioned by Hitler.[2]
The Schwerbelastungskörper was built by Dyckerhoff & Widmann AG in 1941 at a cost of 400,000 Reichsmark.[3] It consists of a foundation with a diameter of 11 m (36 ft) that reaches 18.2 m (60 ft) into the ground and contains rooms which once housed instruments to measure ground subsidence caused by the weight of the cylinder, which was estimated as equivalent to the load calculated for one pillar of the intended arch. On this foundation a cylinder 14 m (46 ft) high and 21 m (69 ft) in diameter weighing 12,650 tonnes was erected at street level.[3]
Germania
[edit]After being appointed chancellor in 1933, Adolf Hitler was committed to redesigning Berlin in a way that prominently displayed 'national emblems of racial community'.[2] The reconstruction of Berlin was initiated alongside the idea that this rebuilding would create and represent an eternal marking of Hitler's legacy and power. Hitler was a the forefront of the decision making when it came to what was being built, where something was being built, and determining whether or not the structure properly exemplified the ideals of National Socialist power. Adolf Hitler and his architect, Albert Speer, planned to make Berlin into a "Monumental World Capital" called Germania.[1]
A defining feature of Hitler's plans to redesign Berlin was that everything must be on a massive scale. The buildings themselves needed to convey a strong sense of sturdiness and uniformity[2]. These large scale designs and lofty ambitions are representative in the Olympic Stadium intended to host the 1936 Olympics in Berlin. Hitler also planned for a massive Winter Stadium designed with the capacity to hold at least 250,000 German citizens.[4] The size of the buildings is best exemplified in Hitler's plans for the Volkshalle. This unbuilt dome designed by Hitler and Speer was an assembly hall intended to stand at 290 meters (950 feet) high and hold over 180,000 Nazi loyalists.[5] In 1945 when Speer discussed the designs for the Volkhshalle with British and United States structural engineers, the engineers claimed the interior of the Volkshalle would have been so vast and grandiose that at full capacity, condensation from the breath of chanting soldiers would have formed clouds within the structure.[5] The purpose of this building was to create a permanent structure acting as the capital of the Third Reich and the centerpiece of Germania that eternalizes Hitler's strength, power, and influence.[5]
With structures of such size being built on Berlin's soil for the first time, the ground needed to be tested. The specific structure that Schwerbelastungskörper was built to test was for Hitler's Triumphal Arch. Speer was concerned that the ground would be too soft to hold something as dense and large as the Triumphal Arch, so the Schwerbelastungskörper to test the ground's capability to hold massive concrete structures.[1] Work on the new capital was soon discontinued due to the onset of World War II and measurements at the cylinder ceased in June 1944.
Albert Speer
[edit]On the 30th of January, 1937, Hitler appointed Albert Speer as the inspector general of Berlin.[2] His task was redesigning Berlin as a center of National Socialism according to Hitler's vision and aspiration.[2] Speer began his involvement in the designing of Berlin in 1936 when Hitler went public with his plans for the Triumphal Arch. According to Speer, Berlin was to be the "showpiece" of Hitler's and the Nazi regime's architectural self expression. Speer was also eager to fulfill Hitler's desires for massive buildings and monuments that encapsulated the regime's vision.[2]
Albert Speer was born on March 19th, 1905 in Mannheim, Germany to an upper-middle class family. Speer chose to study architecture like his father and grandfather.[6] He studied at the University of Karlsruhe and transferred to the Technical University of Munich.[2] Speer completed his post graduate studies at the Technical University of Berlin before joining the Nazi party in 1931.[2] After World War II he was convicted at the Nuremberg Trials, indicted on four counts, and served 20 years in prison.[6]
The Schwerbelastungskörper is the one structure Speer designed that still stands today. After he presented plans of the Triumphal Arch to Hitler, Speer quickly commissioned the design of the Schwerbelastungskörper.[1]
Heavy Load-Bearing Body
[edit]In 1941, construction for the Schwerbelastungskörper began for the purpose of testing the load-bearing capacity of the ground on the planned site of Hitler's Triumphal Arch.[7] The Triumphal Arch was to be Hitler's focal point of Germania, therefore the Schwerbelastungskörper was a vital and necessary piece of construction.[1] The Schwerbelastungskörper was constructed by the French prisoners of war in forced labor camps. If it were to sink less than 6 cm (2.4 in), the soil would be deemed sound enough for further construction without additional stabilization. An analysis of the meticulous measurements only took place in 1948, revealing that the cylinder had sunk some 19 cm (7.5 in) after two and a half years. The arch as conceived by Speer could only have been built after considerable prior stabilization of the ground.
The cylinder itself was never initially intended by Hitler or Speer to be destroyed, but to be subsequently buried under a new road.[7] These plans never came to fruition due to the aforementioned onset of World War II which prevented a permanent remodeling of Berlin.
After the end of World War II, the Schwerbelastungskörper no longer served practical purpose as all that was left of Germania was just its idea. Without anymore plans for the Triumphal Arch, the Schwerbelastungskörper remained an unremovable 12,000 tonne cylinder. After the war concluded and the Nazi regime was removed from power, the Schwerbelastungskörper was used for geological study up until 1977.[1]
Public Perception
[edit]Removal of the cylinder was considered after the war, but because of its mass as well as nearby train tracks and apartment buildings the structure could not be safely demolished with explosives.[8] Since 1995 the monumental cylinder has been protected as a historical monument representing the "only tangible relic of National Socialist urban planning".[8] The Schwerbelastungskörper acts as a standing reminder of the basis of Hitler's and Speers auspicious plans for Berlin.[7] It is open to the public for viewing and guided tours.[8]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f Copley, Clare (2019-12-17). "'Stones do not Speak for Themselves': Disentangling Berlin's Palimpsest". Fascism. 8 (2): 219–249. doi:10.1163/22116257-00802006. ISSN 2211-6249.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Kitchen, Martin. Speer: Hitler's Architect. United States: Yale University Press, 2015: 57-101
- ^ a b "Schwerbelastungskörper (Berlin-Tempelhof, 1941)". Structurae. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
- ^ FRIEDRICH, THOMAS; SPENCER, STEWART (2012). Hitler's Berlin: Abused City. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-16670-5.
- ^ a b c Glancey, Jonathan. "Fantastical buildings that were never built". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2021-03-31.
- ^ a b Fest, Joachim C. (2001). Speer : the final verdict. Ewald Osers, Alexandra Dring (1st U.S. ed.). New York: Harcourt. ISBN 0-15-100556-7. OCLC 49664319.
- ^ a b c "The Heavy Load-Bearing Body - Informationsort Schwerbelastungskörper". www.schwerbelastungskoerper.de. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
- ^ a b c "From Test Object to Information Point - Informationsort Schwerbelastungskörper". www.schwerbelastungskoerper.de. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
Further reading
[edit]- Roger Moorhouse, Berlin at War: Life and Death in Hitler's Capital, 1939-1945, Bodley Head, 2010.
External links
[edit]