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Kiwai language

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(Redirected from Urama language)
Kiwai
Native toPapua New Guinea
RegionWestern Province, Fly River delta, Torres Strait Islands
Native speakers
ca. 30,000 (2011)[1]
Kiwaian
  • Kiwai
Dialects
  • Doumori
  • Coast Kiwai
  • Southern Coast Kiwai
  • Daru Kiwai
  • Eastern Kiwai
  • Island Kiwai
  • Gibaio
  • Kope (Gope, Era River)
  • Urama
  • Arigibi (Anigibi)
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
kiw – Northeast Kiwai
kjd – Southern Kiwai
Glottolognort2930  Northeast
sout2949  Southern

Kiwai is a Papuan language, or languages, of southern Papua New Guinea. Dialects number 1,300 Kope, 700 Gibaio, 1,700 Urama, 700 Arigibi (together "Northeast Kiwai"), 3,800 Coast, 1,000 Daru, 4,500 Island, 400 Doumori (together "Southern Kiwai"). Wurm and Hattori (1981) classify Arigibi as a separate language.

Introduction

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Kiwai Island is a long/low island located on the Eastern side of the Southern entrance to the delta of the Fly River (Papua).

Gender

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Kiwai is gender free; male and female is shown by specific terms when needed.

Alphabet

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  • 17 Letters
    • vowels: a, e, i, o, u (diphthongs are combinations of any two vowels, e.g. ai, au, oi, ou, ei, etc.)
    • Consonants: k, g, t, s, d, n, r, p, b, m, v, h
    • Semivowel: w/u, i/y /j/

Phonology

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Consonants

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Labial Alveolar Velar Glottal
Nasal m n
Plosive voiceless p t k ʔ
voiced b d ɡ
Fricative (v) s h
Rhotic ɾ
Approximant w (l)

/m/ can have allophones of [v, β] when in intervocalic positions.[2]

[l] can be heard interchangeably with /ɾ/ in some dialects.[3]

Vowels

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Front Central Back
High i u
Mid ɛ~e o
Low a

/ɛ/ may also range to [e].[4]

Parts of speech

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Parts of speech are associated with the standard European parts of speech, somewhat inelegantly. The three major parts of speech are Nominals, Verbs and Particles:

Nominals

  1. Nouns, Adjectives, Pronouns (Personal and Relative), Interrogative words, Nominal adverbs, Numerals

Nominals are declined for case (including the ergative).

Verbs

  1. Verbs

Particles

  1. Interrogative particles, Particle Adverbs, Postpositions, Interjections, Particle Conjunctions

Nouns

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While most nouns in Kiwai are mono-morphemic, many are derived or compounds, such as verbal nouns, nominalised adjectives, attribute-category compounds, and so on. Reduplication also exists, usually creating an intensification of the core meaning, distributive effect, and so on.

Derivation is by prefixing and/or suffixing. For example, verbal nouns are created by prefixing k- to the verb word-base.

Adjectives

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Like all other languages in the Torres Strait area as well as Torres Strait Creole, adjectives precede nouns. Various derived adjectives exist, such as Verbal Adjectives, Proprietive, Negative, Similative, and Assertative.

Interrogatives can be created using the Interrogative Prefix.

Pronouns

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Personal pronouns indicate person and number (singular, dual, plural, trial), do not indicate gender, and are declined for case, including the ergative and genitive. The 1st person non-singular, unlike other languages in the area, does not distinguish inclusive and exclusive.

Verbs

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Verbs are highly complex, consisting of a "verbal word-base" and various prefixes and suffixes, marking for tense, aspect, mood and cross-marking for subject and object. Verbal Word-Bases always begin and end with a vowel or a diphthong. It is the simplest form of a verb that is used in speech forms.

Syntax

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Syntax is the arrangement of words in order to create a well-structured sentence. For the Kiwai language, there are principal rules for the positioning of words.

  1. The subject precedes verb/predicate
  2. The D.O (direct object) precedes the verb, which then follows the subject
  3. The word that modifies the subject/object precedes
  4. Numerals precede nouns
  5. Sometimes the extensions of the predicate precede the verb
  6. If time is involved, the indications of time will normally appear at the beginning of a sentence
  7. Infinitive phrases will appear at the end of sentences
  8. Particles will precede the verb

Number

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    • Number can be indicated by verbal suffixes
    • Most nouns do not mark for number (few nouns have a separate plural form)

Dialects

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There are six main dialects of this language.

  1. Mawata-Daru-Tureture Kiwai
  2. Southern Kiwai
    1. from Parema north on the and neighbouring islands, includsing Kiwai Island.
    2. Adopted as the standard language for mission purposes in the Delta (by the London Missionary Society)
  3. Domori
    1. an island in the Fly Delta northwest of Kiwai
  4. Wabuda
    1. an island between the Eastern mouth of the Fly and Bamu Delta
  5. Sisiami
    1. Village on the Dibiri branch of the Bamu Delta
  6. Goaribari
    1. Mouth of the Bamu Delta

While Kiwai dialects differ in terms of vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar, differences are minor.

Vocabulary – Kiwai And English

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E. Baxter Riley, had collected words to be added in the Kiwai-English vocabulary. A lot of the texts and translations have been modified and added by S.H.R.

Verbal Forms: Verbs will be placed under the simple form of the word-base, under the five vowels (a,e,i,o,u). Compounds are followed immediately after. However some of the compounds will be located only under some prefixes. These prefixes being: ar, em, emar, emow, er, erem, im, imar, imow, ir, irim, iriw, irow, iw, iwar, or, oror, ow, owar, and owor. The word-base, will then be located by ignoring the following initial letters/syllables in words.

Evolution

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See also: Kiwaian languages § Evolution

Below are some reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea proposed by Pawley (2012). The dialect given is Island Kiwai, unless otherwise indicated.[5]

proto-Trans-New Guinea Kiwai (Island)
*tukumba[C] ‘short’ (?) kopu
*takVn[V] ‘moon’ sagana
*sumbu ‘white ashes’ tuwo
*pi(n,nd)a ‘sister’ abida
*niman ‘louse’ nimo
*ni ‘1PL’ ni(mo)
*mbena ‘arm’ (Kerewo Kiwai bena ‘shoulder’)
*mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’ pitu
*maŋgat[a] ‘teeth, mouth’ mangota, magata
*m(i,u)ndu ‘nose’ wodi (Gope (N.E. Kiwai) modi)
*kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’ epuru, (Wabuda kepuru)
*kuk(a,u)m(o,u) ‘cold’ (Bamu kukamu, Sisiame kukamo)
*ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ gare
*k(a,o]ndok[V] ‘foot’ Gope (N.E. Kiwai) oto, Morigi kota
*inja ‘tree, wood, fire’ (S. Kiwai era)
*amu ‘breast’ amo
*a(mb,m)u ‘tail’ (?) wapo
*(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V] ‘hair’ (?) muso (metathesis?)

Videos

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Further reading

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Urama

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  • Brown, Jason; Muir, Alex; Craig, Kimberley; Anea, Karika (2016). A Short Grammar of Urama. Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics. hdl:1885/111328. ISBN 9781922185228.
  • Brown, Jason; Peterson, Tyler; Craig, Kimberley (2016). "Belief, Evidence, and Interactional Meaning in Urama". Oceanic Linguistics. 55 (2): 432–448. doi:10.1353/ol.2016.0020. hdl:2292/32312.
  • Brown, Jason; Muir, Alex; Petterson, Robbie (2021). "A Phonetic Sketch of Urama". In Lindsey, Kate L.; Schokkin, Dineke (eds.). Phonetic Fieldwork in Southern New Guinea. Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication No. 24. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 120–129. hdl:10125/24997. ISBN 978-0-9979673-2-6.

La Trobe University

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  • Sidney Ray, A Grammar of the Kiwai Language, Fly Delta, Papua, with a Kiwai Vocabulary (London Missionary Society: Edward George Baker, 1931)
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References

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  1. ^ Northeast Kiwai at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Southern Kiwai at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Martin, Julia (2016). An acoustic study of Kope, Northeast Kiwai, Papua New Guinea, with preliminary tonal analysis. University of North Dakota.
  3. ^ Wurm, Stephen A. (1973). The Kiwaian Language Family. In Karl J. Franklin (ed.), The Linguistic Situation in the Gulf District and Adjacent Areas, Papua New Guinea: Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. pp. 217–260.
  4. ^ Clifton, John. Kiwai Organised Phonology Data. SIL.
  5. ^ Pawley, Andrew (2012). Hammarström, Harald; van den Heuvel, Wilco (eds.). "How reconstructable is proto Trans New Guinea? Problems, progress, prospects". History, Contact and Classification of Papuan Languages (Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2012: Part I). Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea: 88–164. hdl:1885/38602. ISSN 0023-1959.
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