1920 United States presidential election in Wisconsin
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 County Results
Harding 50-60% 60-70% 70-80% 80-90%
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| Elections in Wisconsin |
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The 1920 United States presidential election in Wisconsin was held on November 2, 1920, as part of the 1920 United States presidential election. State voters chose 13 electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
Wisconsin had ever since the decline of the Populist movement been substantially a one-party state dominated by the Republican Party.[1] The Democratic Party became entirely uncompetitive outside certain German Catholic counties adjoining Lake Michigan as the upper classes, along with the majority of workers who followed them, completely fled from William Jennings Bryan's agrarian and free silver sympathies.[2] As Democratic strength weakened severely after 1894 – although the state did develop a strong Socialist Party to provide opposition to the GOP – Wisconsin developed the direct Republican primary in 1903 and this ultimately created competition between the "League" under Robert M. La Follette, and the conservative "Regular" faction.[3]
The beginning of the 1910s would see a minor Democratic revival as many La Follette progressives endorsed Woodrow Wilson,[4] but this flirtation would not be long-lasting as Wilson's "Anglophile" foreign policies were severely opposed by Wisconsin's largely German- and Scandinavian-American populace.[5] The 1918 mid-term elections saw the Midwestern farming community largely desert the Democratic Party due to supposed preferential treatment of Southern farmers:[6] Democratic seats in the Midwest fell from thirty-four to seventeen,[7] whilst Scandinavian-Americans were also vigorously opposed to entering the war.[8] Furthermore, Democratic fear of Communism seen in the Palmer Raids and "Red Scare" led to ultimate nominee James M. Cox, then Governor of Ohio, to ban German-language instruction in public schools in 1919.[7] Still more critical for German-Americans was the view that outgoing President Woodrow Wilson was deliberately trying to punish Germany and Austria for starting the war, especially via his disregard for the United Kingdom's continuing blockade of Germany.[9] Stressing Harding's German ancestry, the German press drummed up the view that
Campaign
[edit]a vote for Harding is a vote against the persecutions suffered by German-Americans during the war.[10]
As the campaign began after the Republican Party had nominated U.S. Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio and the Democratic Party former Ohio governor James M. Cox, a further blow to the Democrats came when the national economy suffered a major downturn following the wartime boom, resulting in plummeting agricultural prices that were especially problematic in the Midwest.[11] Whereas Cox travelled throughout the nation apart from the "Solid South" during September,[12] Harding, despite having four times the budget, campaigned from his home in Marion, Ohio.
A poll by the giant Rexall drug store chain – which in 1916 had been accurate enough to predict Wilson's razor-thin wins in New Hampshire and California[13] – suggested Harding would win 382 electoral votes,[14] and at the end of October, although no more opinion polls had been published, most observers were even more convinced that the Republicans would take complete control of all branches of government.[15] Polls were similarly confident in Wisconsin, despite forecasts of a big vote for imprisoned fifth-time Socialist nominee Eugene V. Debs.[16] Expectations of a landslide were fully realized: whereas Charles Evans Hughes had carried Wisconsin by only 6.59 points in 1916, Harding won this arch-isolationist state by a nine-to-two majority. Wisconsin would prove to be Harding's fourth strongest state in the 1920 election terms of popular vote percentage after North Dakota, Vermont and Michigan.[17] Wisconsin would prove Cox's weakest state in the largest landslide loss in United States presidential election history, and Debs' strongest state in his last campaign for the presidency.[17] Despite Debs' substantial vote, Harding carried all Wisconsin's counties with absolute majorities, becoming the only candidate to ever win every single Wisconsin county in a presidential election, and Cox cracked twenty-three percent of the vote in just three counties. This would be the last time a Republican presidential candidate carried Iron County until Richard Nixon in 1972.[18]
Results
[edit]| Party | Pledged to | Elector | Votes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican Party | Warren G. Harding | Mrs. Theodore Youmans | 498,576 | |
| Republican Party | Warren G. Harding | Z. G. Simmons | 497,664 | |
| Republican Party | Warren G. Harding | John Turner | 497,243 | |
| Republican Party | Warren G. Harding | Myron E. Keats | 497,099 | |
| Republican Party | Warren G. Harding | Sam Blum | 496,920 | |
| Republican Party | Warren G. Harding | Max Sell | 496,875 | |
| Republican Party | Warren G. Harding | William Mauthe | 496,821 | |
| Republican Party | Warren G. Harding | James T. Drought | 496,786 | |
| Republican Party | Warren G. Harding | John Fitzgibbons | 496,677 | |
| Republican Party | Warren G. Harding | Anton Kuckuk | 496,661 | |
| Republican Party | Warren G. Harding | David A. Bogue | 496,509 | |
| Republican Party | Warren G. Harding | Mrs. Al C. Anderson | 496,236 | |
| Republican Party | Warren G. Harding | John T. Murphy | 496,161 | |
| Democratic Party | James M. Cox | John C. Karel | 113,422 | |
| Democratic Party | James M. Cox | Anthony Szczerbinski | 113,298 | |
| Democratic Party | James M. Cox | Charles Mulberger | 113,236 | |
| Democratic Party | James M. Cox | Mrs. A. Tupper | 113,196 | |
| Democratic Party | James M. Cox | M. K. Reilly | 113,119 | |
| Democratic Party | James M. Cox | Vilas W. Whaley | 113,118 | |
| Democratic Party | James M. Cox | John W. Hogan | 112,962 | |
| Democratic Party | James M. Cox | H. A. Pfeffer | 112,790 | |
| Democratic Party | James M. Cox | John P. Diener | 112,765 | |
| Democratic Party | James M. Cox | Henry E. Fitch | 112,742 | |
| Democratic Party | James M. Cox | Earl Y. Sangster | 112,730 | |
| Democratic Party | James M. Cox | M. R. Strouse | 112,619 | |
| Democratic Party | James M. Cox | John O'Day | 112,531 | |
| Socialist Party | Eugene V. Debs | Cora Wuethrick | 80,635 | |
| Socialist Party | Eugene V. Debs | Casimir Kowalski | 80,629 | |
| Socialist Party | Eugene V. Debs | Richard Holtz | 80,601 | |
| Socialist Party | Eugene V. Debs | Mrs. E. T. Melms | 80,597 | |
| Socialist Party | Eugene V. Debs | Louis Pauls | 80,555 | |
| Socialist Party | Eugene V. Debs | John G. Justen | 80,554 | |
| Socialist Party | Eugene V. Debs | R. W. Koehn | 80,554 | |
| Socialist Party | Eugene V. Debs | Mrs. John H. Sims | 80,541 | |
| Socialist Party | Eugene V. Debs | Fred Heath | 80,513 | |
| Socialist Party | Eugene V. Debs | G. P. Haus | 80,495 | |
| Socialist Party | Eugene V. Debs | Mrs. Frank Hilger | 80,481 | |
| Socialist Party | Eugene V. Debs | Ray M. Empey | 53,101 | |
| Socialist Party | Eugene V. Debs | F. E. Withrow | 52,213 | |
| Socialist Party | Eugene V. Debs | J. Verchota | 27,886 | |
| Socialist Party | Eugene V. Debs | A. C. Krueger | 27,069 | |
| Prohibition Party | Aaron S. Watkins | Marcia A. B. Smith | 8,647 | |
| Prohibition Party | Aaron S. Watkins | David W. Emerson | 8,529 | |
| Prohibition Party | Aaron S. Watkins | Francis Baker | 8,517 | |
| Prohibition Party | Aaron S. Watkins | Peter T. James | 8,498 | |
| Prohibition Party | Aaron S. Watkins | Frank E. Cummings | 8,470 | |
| Prohibition Party | Aaron S. Watkins | Joseph V. Collins | 8,467 | |
| Prohibition Party | Aaron S. Watkins | Benjamin F. Skiff | 8,466 | |
| Prohibition Party | Aaron S. Watkins | August F. Fehlandt | 8,445 | |
| Prohibition Party | Aaron S. Watkins | Walter R. Drought | 8,431 | |
| Prohibition Party | Aaron S. Watkins | John H. Malloch | 8,425 | |
| Prohibition Party | Aaron S. Watkins | William R. Nethercut | 8,425 | |
| Prohibition Party | Aaron S. Watkins | Lily Shimmin | 8,413 | |
| Prohibition Party | Aaron S. Watkins | Ole H. Caspers | 8,408 | |
| Write-in | Scattering | 82 | ||
| Votes cast[b] | 701,362 | |||
Results by county
[edit]| County[19][20] | Warren G. Harding Republican |
James M. Cox Democratic |
Eugene V. Debs Socialist |
Aaron S. Watkins Prohibition |
Margin | Total votes cast[c] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
| Adams | 1,528 | 75.42% | 392 | 19.35% | 60 | 2.96% | 27 | 1.335% | 1,136 | 56.07% | 2,026[d] |
| Ashland | 4,005 | 70.94% | 1,081 | 19.15% | 497 | 8.80% | 63 | 1.12% | 2,924 | 51.79% | 5,646 |
| Barron | 6,887 | 84.09% | 742 | 9.06% | 336 | 4.10% | 211 | 2.58% | 6,145 | 75.03% | 8,190[e] |
| Bayfield | 2,536 | 73.34% | 589 | 17.03% | 257 | 7.43% | 76 | 2.20% | 1,947 | 56.30% | 3,458 |
| Brown | 8,845 | 61.66% | 3,877 | 27.03% | 1,501 | 10.46% | 122 | 0.85% | 4,968 | 34.63% | 14,345 |
| Buffalo | 3,082 | 85.40% | 299 | 8.28% | 172 | 4.77% | 56 | 1.55% | 2,783 | 77.11% | 3,609 |
| Burnett | 2,025 | 79.57% | 187 | 7.35% | 275 | 10.81% | 58 | 2.28% | 1,750[f] | 68.76% | 2,545 |
| Calumet | 3,730 | 78.26% | 586 | 12.30% | 415 | 8.71% | 35 | 0.73% | 3,144 | 65.97% | 4,766 |
| Chippewa | 6,750 | 82.57% | 1,103 | 13.49% | 186 | 2.28% | 136 | 1.66% | 5,647 | 69.08% | 8,175 |
| Clark | 6,246 | 79.74% | 745 | 9.51% | 692 | 8.83% | 150 | 1.91% | 5,501 | 70.23% | 7,833 |
| Columbia | 7,394 | 83.25% | 1,201 | 13.52% | 157 | 1.77% | 130 | 1.46% | 6,193 | 69.73% | 8,882 |
| Crawford | 3,600 | 74.27% | 1,112 | 22.94% | 70 | 1.44% | 64 | 1.32% | 2,488 | 51.33% | 4,847[g] |
| Dane | 22,842 | 77.46% | 4,879 | 16.55% | 1,277 | 4.33% | 490 | 1.66% | 17,963 | 60.92% | 29,488 |
| Dodge | 11,354 | 77.46% | 2,293 | 15.64% | 865 | 5.90% | 146 | 1.00% | 9,061 | 61.82% | 14,658 |
| Door | 3,817 | 88.34% | 385 | 8.91% | 76 | 1.76% | 43 | 1.00% | 3,432 | 79.43% | 4,321 |
| Douglas | 7,250 | 67.53% | 2,111 | 19.66% | 1,271 | 11.84% | 104 | 0.97% | 5,139 | 47.87% | 10,736 |
| Dunn | 5,596 | 87.81% | 491 | 7.70% | 170 | 2.67% | 113 | 1.77% | 5,105 | 80.10% | 6,373[h] |
| Eau Claire | 7,856 | 81.62% | 1,193 | 12.39% | 351 | 3.65% | 225 | 2.34% | 6,663 | 69.23% | 9,625 |
| Florence | 912 | 86.86% | 98[i] | 9.33% | 30 | 2.86% | 10 | 0.95% | 814 | 77.52% | 1,050 |
| Fond du Lac | 12,543 | 74.58% | 3,409 | 20.27% | 695 | 4.13% | 172 | 1.02% | 9,134 | 54.31% | 16,819 |
| Forest | 1,429 | 75.13% | 379 | 19.93% | 72 | 3.79% | 22 | 1.16% | 1,050 | 55.21% | 1,902 |
| Grant | 9,638 | 80.92% | 1,971 | 16.55% | 119 | 1.00% | 183 | 1.54% | 7,667 | 64.37% | 11,911 |
| Green | 5,466 | 84.68% | 633 | 9.81% | 109 | 1.69% | 247 | 3.83% | 4,833 | 74.87% | 6,455 |
| Green Lake | 3,457 | 75.45% | 890 | 19.42% | 179 | 3.91% | 54 | 1.18% | 2,567 | 56.02% | 4,582[j] |
| Iowa | 5,428 | 81.42% | 942 | 14.13% | 67 | 1.00% | 230 | 3.45% | 4,486 | 67.29% | 6,667 |
| Iron | 1,714 | 77.70% | 268 | 12.15% | 179 | 8.11% | 45 | 2.04% | 1,446 | 65.55% | 2,206 |
| Jackson | 3,652 | 85.93% | 410 | 9.65% | 106 | 2.49% | 82 | 1.93% | 3,242 | 76.28% | 4,250 |
| Jefferson | 8,865 | 80.38% | 1,844 | 16.72% | 203 | 1.84% | 117 | 1.06% | 7,021 | 63.66% | 11,029 |
| Juneau | 4,385 | 81.22% | 774 | 14.34% | 174 | 3.22% | 66 | 1.22% | 3,611 | 66.88% | 5,399 |
| Kenosha | 9,791 | 77.81% | 1,724 | 13.70% | 990 | 7.87% | 79 | 0.63% | 8,067 | 64.11% | 12,584 |
| Kewaunee | 2,622 | 78.81% | 598 | 17.97% | 97 | 2.92% | 9 | 0.27% | 2,024 | 60.84% | 3,327[g] |
| La Crosse | 10,067 | 73.96% | 2,588 | 19.01% | 606 | 4.45% | 350 | 2.57% | 7,479 | 54.94% | 13,612[g] |
| Lafayette | 4,893 | 76.11% | 1,357 | 21.11% | 45 | 0.70% | 134 | 2.08% | 3,536 | 55.00% | 6,429 |
| Langlade | 4,059 | 68.65% | 1,619 | 27.38% | 189 | 3.20% | 46 | 0.78% | 2,440 | 41.27% | 5,913 |
| Lincoln | 3,713 | 72.11% | 838 | 16.28% | 542 | 10.53% | 56 | 1.09% | 2,875 | 55.84% | 5,149 |
| Manitowoc | 8,378 | 61.70% | 2,018 | 14.86% | 3,116 | 22.95% | 67 | 0.49% | 5,262[f] | 38.75% | 13,579 |
| Marathon | 11,356 | 65.53% | 2,133 | 12.31% | 3,709 | 21.40% | 131 | 0.76% | 7,647[f] | 44.13% | 17,329 |
| Marinette | 6,138 | 75.55% | 1,314 | 16.17% | 584 | 7.19% | 88 | 1.08% | 4,824 | 59.38% | 8,124 |
| Marquette | 2,436 | 76.01% | 687 | 21.44% | 42 | 1.31% | 31 | 0.97% | 1,749 | 54.57% | 3,205[k] |
| Milwaukee | 73,410 | 51.58% | 25,464 | 17.89% | 42,914 | 30.16% | 523 | 0.37% | 30,496[f] | 21.43% | 142,311 |
| Monroe | 6,784 | 83.15% | 978[i] | 11.99% | 206 | 2.52% | 178 | 2.18% | 5,806 | 71.16% | 8,159[l] |
| Oconto | 4,735 | 78.16% | 1,030 | 17.00% | 234 | 3.86% | 59 | 0.97% | 3,705 | 61.16% | 6,058 |
| Oneida | 2,424 | 64.93% | 833 | 22.31% | 426 | 11.41% | 50 | 1.34% | 1,591 | 42.62% | 3,733 |
| Outagamie | 11,140 | 74.69% | 3,121 | 20.93% | 510 | 3.42% | 144 | 0.97% | 8,019 | 53.76% | 14,915 |
| Ozaukee | 3,523 | 75.60% | 835 | 17.92% | 279 | 5.99% | 23 | 0.49% | 2,688 | 57.68% | 4,660 |
| Pepin | 1,817 | 84.91% | 265 | 12.38% | 36 | 1.68% | 22 | 1.03% | 1,552 | 72.52% | 2,140 |
| Pierce | 4,441 | 82.62% | 644 | 11.98% | 167 | 3.11% | 123 | 2.29% | 3,797 | 70.64% | 5,375 |
| Polk | 4,796 | 80.47% | 752 | 12.62% | 303 | 5.08% | 109 | 1.83% | 4,044 | 67.85% | 5,960 |
| Portage | 5,527 | 65.39% | 2,656 | 31.42% | 199 | 2.35% | 70 | 0.83% | 2,871 | 33.97% | 8,452 |
| Price | 2,990 | 74.23% | 551 | 13.68% | 441 | 10.95% | 46 | 1.14% | 2,439 | 60.55% | 4,028 |
| Racine | 14,406 | 71.95% | 3,650 | 18.23% | 1,714 | 8.56% | 251 | 1.25% | 10,756 | 53.72% | 20,021 |
| Richland | 3,862[m] | 76.63% | 917 | 18.19% | 82 | 1.63% | 179 | 3.55% | 2,945 | 58.43% | 5,040 |
| Rock | 16,152 | 83.53% | 2,447 | 12.65% | 421 | 2.18% | 317 | 1.64% | 13,705 | 70.87% | 19,337 |
| Rusk | 2,609 | 77.53% | 441 | 13.11% | 231 | 6.86% | 81 | 2.41% | 2,168 | 64.43% | 3,365[h] |
| Sauk | 8,074 | 84.79% | 946 | 9.93% | 216 | 2.27% | 286 | 3.00% | 7,128 | 74.86% | 9,522 |
| Sawyer | 1,668 | 79.28% | 302 | 14.35% | 98 | 4.66% | 36 | 1.71% | 1,366 | 64.92% | 2,104 |
| Shawano | 5,836 | 73.64% | 525 | 6.62% | 1,496 | 18.88% | 68 | 0.86% | 4,340[f] | 54.76% | 7,925 |
| Sheboygan | 11,994 | 68.95% | 1,895 | 10.89% | 3,416 | 19.64% | 91 | 0.52% | 8,578[f] | 49.31% | 17,396 |
| St. Croix | 5,601 | 73.34% | 1,638 | 21.45% | 263 | 3.44% | 135 | 1.77% | 3,963 | 51.89% | 7,637 |
| Taylor | 2,707 | 72.71% | 282 | 7.57% | 685 | 18.40% | 49[n] | 1.32% | 2,022[f] | 54.31% | 3,723 |
| Trempealeau | 4,748 | 84.05% | 718 | 12.71% | 70 | 1.24% | 100 | 1.77% | 4,030 | 71.50% | 5,649[l] |
| Vernon | 5,694 | 86.00% | 629 | 9.50% | 98 | 1.48% | 200 | 3.02% | 5,065 | 76.50% | 6,621 |
| Vilas | 903 | 66.06% | 255 | 18.65% | 185 | 13.53% | 24 | 1.76% | 648 | 47.40% | 1,367 |
| Walworth | 8,437 | 80.68% | 1,631 | 15.60% | 151 | 1.44% | 239 | 2.29% | 6,806 | 65.08% | 10,458 |
| Washburn | 2,023 | 78.26% | 352 | 13.62% | 150 | 5.80% | 60 | 2.32% | 1,671 | 64.64% | 2,585 |
| Washington | 5,949 | 76.78% | 1,328 | 17.14% | 421 | 5.43% | 50 | 0.65% | 4,621 | 59.64% | 7,748 |
| Waukesha | 8,665 | 71.63% | 2,759 | 22.81% | 487 | 4.03% | 186 | 1.54% | 5,906 | 48.82% | 12,097 |
| Waupaca | 8,302 | 83.04% | 888 | 8.88% | 697 | 6.97% | 110 | 1.10% | 7,414 | 74.16% | 9,997 |
| Waushara | 4,176 | 85.17% | 482 | 9.83% | 196 | 4.00% | 49 | 1.00% | 3,694 | 75.34% | 4,903 |
| Winnebago | 12,035 | 69.52% | 3,397 | 19.62% | 1,697 | 9.80% | 179 | 1.03% | 8,638 | 49.90% | 17,311[h] |
| Wood | 6,863 | 70.60% | 1,051 | 10.81% | 1,665 | 17.13% | 142 | 1.46% | 5,198[f] | 53.47% | 9,721 |
| Totals | 498,576 | 71.09% | 113,422 | 16.17% | 80,635 | 11.50% | 8,647 | 1.23% | 385,154 | 54.92% | 701,362 |
Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican
[edit]See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ One should exercise caution with using the 1921 Blue Book as a source for the 1920 election in Wisconsin; it contains a number of misprints that cause the county figures to not add up to the stated totals. The true figures can all be found in the 1920 Board of Canvassers reports, held at the Wisconsin Historical Society in Madison.
- ^ Based on totals for highest elector on each ticket
- ^ Based on highest elector on each ticket
- ^ Includes 19 Scattering votes
- ^ Includes 14 Scattering votes
- ^ a b c d e f g h In this county where Debs ran second ahead of Cox, margin given is Hardin vote minus Debs vote and percentage margin Hading percentage minus debs percentage.
- ^ a b c Includes 1 Scattering vote
- ^ a b c Includes 3 Scattering votes
- ^ a b The 1921 Blue Book contains a typo for Democratic elector Karel in this county
- ^ Includes 2 Scattering votes
- ^ Includes 9 Scattering votes
- ^ a b Includes 13 Scattering votes
- ^ The 1921 Blue Book contains a typo for Republican elector Youmans in this county
- ^ The 1921 Blue Book contains a typo for Prohibition elector Smith in this county
References
[edit]- ^ Burnham, Walter Dean; 'The System of 1896: An Analysis'; in The Evolution of American Electoral Systems, pp. 178-179 ISBN 0-313-21379-8
- ^ Sundquist, James; Politics and Policy: The Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Years, p. 526 ISBN 0-8157-1909-4
- ^ Hansen, John Mark; Shigeo Hirano, and Snyder, James M. Jr.; 'Parties within Parties: Parties, Factions, and Coordinated Politics, 1900-1980'; in Gerber, Alan S. and Schickler, Eric; Governing in a Polarized Age: Elections, Parties, and Political Representation in America, pp. 165-168 ISBN 978-1-107-09509-0
- ^ Crews, Kenneth D.; 'Woodrow Wilson, Wisconsin, and the Election of 1912'; Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 3: 'Presidents, Vice Presidents and Political Parties: Performance and Prospects' (Summer, 1982), pp. 369-376
- ^ Leary, William M. (jr.); 'Woodrow Wilson, Irish Americans, and the Election of 1916'; The Journal of American History, Vol. 54, No. 1 (June 1967), pp. 57-72
- ^ Morello, John A.; Albert D. Lasker, Advertising, and the Election of Warren G. Harding, p. 64 ISBN 0-275-97030-2
- ^ a b Hough, Jerry F.; Changing Party Coalitions: The Mystery of the Red State-Blue State Alignment, pp. 86-87 ISBN 0-87586-409-0
- ^ Saldin, Robert P., 'World War I and the System of 1896' (2010); Political Science Faculty Publications, Paper 1, pp. 825-836
- ^ Lichtman, Allan J.; Prejudice and the Old Politics: The Presidential Election of 1928, pp. 102, 115
- ^ Lubell, Samuel; The Future of American Politics, p. 135 Published 1952 by Harper and Brothers, New York
- ^ Goldberg, David Joseph; Discontented America: The United States in the 1920s, p. 47 ISBN 0-8018-6005-9
- ^ Faykosh, Joseph D., Bowling Green State University; The Front Porch of the American People: James Cox and the Presidential Election of 1920 (thesis), p. 69
- ^ Pietrusza, David; 1920: The Year of the Six Presidents, p. 398 ISBN 0-7867-2102-2
- ^ Bagby, Rexby; The Road to Normalcy: The Presidential Campaign and Election of 1920, pp. 158-159 ISBN 0-8018-0045-5
- ^ 'Republicans Going to Win: Prospects of a Complete Victory'; The Observer, October 31, 1920, p. 13
- ^ 'Blaine Is Big Choice in Betting'; The Capital Times, November 2, 1920, p. 1
- ^ a b "1920 Presidential Election Statistics". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
- ^ Menendez, Albert J. The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004, pp. 337-342 ISBN 0-7864-2217-3
- ^ a b Wisconsin Historical Society, Certificate of Board of Canvassers of the State of Wisconsin - Presidential Electors - 1920
- ^ a b "Presidential Electors". Wisconsin Blue Book. State Printing Board. 1921. pp. 214–221.
