1904 United States presidential election in Wisconsin
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County Results
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Elections in Wisconsin |
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The 1904 United States presidential election in Wisconsin was held on November 8, 1904, as part of the 1904 United States presidential election. State voters chose 13 electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
Wisconsin during the Third Party System was a Republican-leaning but competitive state whereby historically anti-Civil War German Catholic counties stood opposed to highly pro-war and firmly Republican Yankee areas.[1] However, following the Populist movement, whose inflationary monetary policies were opposed by almost all urban classes and viewed as dangerously radical by rural German Catholics,[2] Wisconsin's upper classes, along with the majority of workers who followed them, completely fled from William Jennings Bryan’s agrarian and free silver sympathies.[3]
Wisconsin would henceforth become almost a one-party polity dominated by the Republican Party.[4] The Democratic Party became entirely uncompetitive outside the previously anti-Yankee areas adjoining Lake Michigan in the eastern part of the state. As Democratic strength weakened severely after 1894 – although the state did develop a strong Socialist Party to provide opposition to the GOP – Wisconsin developed the direct Republican primary in 1903 and this ultimately created competition between the “League” under Robert M. La Follette, and the conservative “Regular” faction.[5]
Neither Republican incumbent Theodore Roosevelt nor Democratic nominee Alton B. Parker would campaign in Wisconsin, as the state had been amongst the most Republican in the nation in the presidential elections in both 1896 and 1900. No official polls were taken in the state, but Frederick W. Cotzhausen, a lifelong Milwaukee Democrat, said during October that the state would vote strongly for Roosevelt.[6]
Wisconsin would vote powerfully for Roosevelt, who defeated Parker more than two-to-one, and beat William McKinley’s 1896 performance by almost four percent. Roosevelt was the first Republican since Abraham Lincoln in 1860 to win Calumet County.
Results
[edit]Party | Pledged to | Elector | Votes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican Party | Theodore Roosevelt | Charles F. Ilsley | 280,164[b] | |
Republican Party | Theodore Roosevelt | Albert R. Hall | 279,870 | |
Republican Party | Theodore Roosevelt | George Beyer | 279,858 | |
Republican Party | Theodore Roosevelt | John I. Sherron | 279,846 | |
Republican Party | Theodore Roosevelt | James M. Bushnell | 279,820 | |
Republican Party | Theodore Roosevelt | Fred C. Lorenz | 279,758 | |
Republican Party | Theodore Roosevelt | Fred W. Cords | 279,722 | |
Republican Party | Theodore Roosevelt | Jame H. Cabanis | 279,712 | |
Republican Party | Theodore Roosevelt | Carl S. Porter | 279,671 | |
Republican Party | Theodore Roosevelt | Hulbert A. Bright | 279,630 | |
Republican Party | Theodore Roosevelt | Edward McGlachlin | 279,586 | |
Republican Party | Theodore Roosevelt | Melvin D. Keith | 279,527 | |
Republican Party | Theodore Roosevelt | Ed L. Peet | 278,690 | |
Democratic Party | Alton B. Parker | Harold L. North | 124,107[c] | |
Democratic Party | Alton B. Parker | Charles Abresch | 124,036 | |
Democratic Party | Alton B. Parker | Patrick H. Martin | 123,820 | |
Democratic Party | Alton B. Parker | Thomas McCarthy | 123,791 | |
Democratic Party | Alton B. Parker | John M. Baer | 123,774 | |
Democratic Party | Alton B. Parker | Franz Markus | 123,766 | |
Democratic Party | Alton B. Parker | Carl F. Justman | 123,744 | |
Democratic Party | Alton B. Parker | Thomas H. Patterson | 123,725 | |
Democratic Party | Alton B. Parker | Stephen Richmond | 123,707 | |
Democratic Party | Alton B. Parker | Henry J. Millmann | 123,706 | |
Democratic Party | Alton B. Parker | Henry Volkmann | 123,703 | |
Democratic Party | Alton B. Parker | Gilbert T. Hodges | 123,694 | |
Democratic Party | Alton B. Parker | Thomas J. McCloskey | 123,678 | |
Social Democratic Party[d] | Eugene V. Debs | A. A. Blunt | 28,220 | |
Social Democratic Party | Eugene V. Debs | William Kaufmann | 28,178 | |
Social Democratic Party | Eugene V. Debs | Eugene H. Rooney | 28,175 | |
Social Democratic Party | Eugene V. Debs | William C. Young | 28,170 | |
Social Democratic Party | Eugene V. Debs | Ernst Schultz | 28,167 | |
Social Democratic Party | Eugene V. Debs | Edward Ziegler | 28,166 | |
Social Democratic Party | Eugene V. Debs | Fred Wilson | 28,165 | |
Social Democratic Party | Eugene V. Debs | Herman Hein | 28,154 | |
Social Democratic Party | Eugene V. Debs | Frank Weber | 28,149 | |
Social Democratic Party | Eugene V. Debs | Edward Scaife | 28,140 | |
Social Democratic Party | Eugene V. Debs | John J. Handley | 28,135 | |
Social Democratic Party | Eugene V. Debs | William Quinn | 28,124 | |
Social Democratic Party | Eugene V. Debs | George Gollwitzer | 28,076 | |
Prohibition Party | Silas C. Swallow | Jasper Dexter | 9,770 | |
Prohibition Party | Silas C. Swallow | Charles W. Rose | 9,760 | |
Prohibition Party | Silas C. Swallow | Frank R. Derrick | 9,748 | |
Prohibition Party | Silas C. Swallow | Lafayette Brockway | 9,741 | |
Prohibition Party | Silas C. Swallow | Hermann H. Rottman | 9,741 | |
Prohibition Party | Silas C. Swallow | Benjamin F. Thomas | 9,741 | |
Prohibition Party | Silas C. Swallow | James H. McManus | 9,740 | |
Prohibition Party | Silas C. Swallow | William Ager | 9,739 | |
Prohibition Party | Silas C. Swallow | John Sherman | 9,735 | |
Prohibition Party | Silas C. Swallow | William E. Monroe | 9,733 | |
Prohibition Party | Silas C. Swallow | Edson Schatto | 9,731 | |
Prohibition Party | Silas C. Swallow | George C. Alborn | 9,727 | |
Prohibition Party | Silas C. Swallow | Elsworth McKenney | 9,721 | |
People's Party | Silas C. Swallow | Cyrus M. Butt | 530 | |
People's Party | Silas C. Swallow | William A. Ramsey | 511 | |
People's Party | Silas C. Swallow | Samuel Isaac | 510 | |
People's Party | Silas C. Swallow | William Munro | 509 | |
People's Party | Silas C. Swallow | Frederick W. Stearns | 508 | |
People's Party | Silas C. Swallow | Edward W. Luedtke | 507 | |
People's Party | Silas C. Swallow | Louis Elholm | 506 | |
People's Party | Silas C. Swallow | Ole Swennes | 505 | |
People's Party | Silas C. Swallow | John Gruhl | 504 | |
People's Party | Silas C. Swallow | Peter Haan | 502 | |
People's Party | Silas C. Swallow | Charles Hatch | 500 | |
People's Party | Silas C. Swallow | Michael Seidel | 499 | |
People's Party | Silas C. Swallow | Charles M. Boyles | 497 | |
Socialist Labor Party[e] | Charles H. Corregan | Theodore Horn | 223 | |
Socialist Labor Party | Charles H. Corregan | Carl Doescher | 218 | |
Socialist Labor Party | Charles H. Corregan | Carl Bartsch | 217 | |
Socialist Labor Party | Charles H. Corregan | Herman Beyer | 217 | |
Socialist Labor Party | Charles H. Corregan | William Pietsch | 215 | |
Socialist Labor Party | Charles H. Corregan | Carl Schulz | 215 | |
Socialist Labor Party | Charles H. Corregan | Carl Slabey | 215 | |
Socialist Labor Party | Charles H. Corregan | Joseph Pietsch | 214 | |
Socialist Labor Party | Charles H. Corregan | Paul Unruh | 214 | |
Socialist Labor Party | Charles H. Corregan | Ernest Wegner | 214 | |
Socialist Labor Party | Charles H. Corregan | Rudolph Kler | 212 | |
Socialist Labor Party | Charles H. Corregan | Nicholas Semmelback | 212 | |
Votes cast[f] | 443,014 |
Results by county
[edit]County[7] | Theodore Roosevelt Republican |
Alton B. Parker Democratic |
Eugene V. Debs Socialist |
Silas C. Swallow Prohibition |
Thomas E. Watson Populist |
Joseph F. Maloney Socialist Labor |
Margin | Total votes cast[g] | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
Adams | 1,399 | 80.08% | 271 | 15.51% | 29 | 1.66% | 47 | 2.69% | 1 | 0.06% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,128 | 64.57% | 1,747 |
Ashland | 3,406 | 71.30% | 1,016 | 21.27% | 235 | 4.92% | 116 | 2.43% | 2 | 0.04% | 2 | 0.04% | 2,390 | 50.03% | 4,777 |
Barron | 3,575 | 78.33% | 625 | 13.69% | 103 | 2.26% | 242 | 5.30% | 9 | 0.20% | 10 | 0.22% | 2,950 | 64.64% | 4,564 |
Bayfield | 2,665 | 85.31% | 345 | 11.04% | 32 | 1.02% | 77 | 2.46% | 0 | 0.00% | 5 | 0.16% | 2,320 | 74.26% | 3,124 |
Brown | 6,027 | 66.09% | 2,636 | 28.91% | 329 | 3.61% | 108 | 1.18% | 7 | 0.08% | 12 | 0.13% | 3,391 | 37.19% | 9,119 |
Buffalo | 2,147 | 68.35% | 911 | 29.00% | 10 | 0.32% | 64 | 2.04% | 9 | 0.29% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,236 | 39.35% | 3,141 |
Burnett | 1,262 | 88.13% | 82 | 5.73% | 31 | 2.16% | 54 | 3.77% | 1 | 0.07% | 2 | 0.14% | 1,180 | 82.40% | 1,432 |
Calumet | 1,736 | 55.04% | 1,257 | 39.85% | 116 | 3.68% | 36 | 1.14% | 9 | 0.29% | 0 | 0.00% | 479 | 15.19% | 3,154 |
Chippewa | 3,744 | 66.51% | 1,669 | 29.65% | 59 | 1.05% | 141 | 2.50% | 11 | 0.20% | 5 | 0.09% | 2,075 | 36.86% | 5,629 |
Clark | 4,091 | 75.69% | 1,050 | 19.43% | 79 | 1.46% | 183 | 3.39% | 1 | 0.02% | 1 | 0.02% | 3,041 | 56.26% | 5,405 |
Columbia | 4,737 | 67.59% | 1,907 | 27.21% | 158 | 2.25% | 204 | 2.91% | 2 | 0.03% | 0 | 0.00% | 2,830 | 40.38% | 7,008 |
Crawford | 2,281 | 61.12% | 1,363 | 36.52% | 31 | 0.83% | 57 | 1.53% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 918 | 24.60% | 3,732 |
Dane | 11,041 | 63.77% | 5,610 | 32.40% | 242 | 1.40% | 417 | 2.41% | 3 | 0.02% | 0 | 0.00% | 5,431 | 31.37% | 17,313 |
Dodge | 4,248 | 44.51% | 5,092 | 53.35% | 67 | 0.70% | 133 | 1.39% | 4 | 0.04% | 0 | 0.00% | -844 | -8.84% | 9,544 |
Door | 2,689 | 81.21% | 515 | 15.55% | 33 | 1.00% | 72 | 2.17% | 2 | 0.06% | 0 | 0.00% | 2,174 | 65.66% | 3,311 |
Douglas | 4,564 | 73.05% | 968 | 15.49% | 549 | 8.79% | 130 | 2.08% | 8 | 0.13% | 29 | 0.46% | 3,596 | 57.55% | 6,248 |
Dunn | 3,303 | 81.27% | 546 | 13.44% | 83 | 2.04% | 123 | 3.03% | 7 | 0.17% | 2 | 0.05% | 2,757 | 67.84% | 4,064 |
Eau Claire | 4,343 | 73.20% | 1,224 | 20.63% | 196 | 3.30% | 155 | 2.61% | 10 | 0.17% | 5 | 0.08% | 3,119 | 52.57% | 5,933 |
Florence | 562 | 85.54% | 82 | 12.48% | 5 | 0.76% | 8 | 1.22% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 480 | 73.06% | 657 |
Fond du Lac | 7,021 | 59.57% | 4,416 | 37.47% | 149 | 1.26% | 178 | 1.51% | 21 | 0.18% | 1 | 0.01% | 2,605 | 22.10% | 11,786 |
Forest | 988 | 82.68% | 159 | 13.31% | 23 | 1.92% | 23 | 1.92% | 2 | 0.17% | 0 | 0.00% | 829 | 69.37% | 1,195 |
Gates | 1,415 | 81.70% | 245 | 14.15% | 23 | 1.33% | 47 | 2.71% | 1 | 0.06% | 1 | 0.06% | 1,170 | 67.55% | 1,732 |
Grant | 5,802 | 64.50% | 2,888 | 32.11% | 77 | 0.86% | 219 | 2.43% | 8 | 0.09% | 1 | 0.01% | 2,914 | 32.40% | 8,995 |
Green | 2,990 | 62.11% | 1,460 | 30.33% | 139 | 2.89% | 219 | 4.55% | 5 | 0.10% | 1 | 0.02% | 1,530 | 31.78% | 4,814 |
Green Lake | 2,181 | 60.90% | 1,269 | 35.44% | 43 | 1.20% | 84 | 2.35% | 3 | 0.08% | 1 | 0.03% | 912 | 25.47% | 3,581 |
Iowa | 3,328 | 64.58% | 1,640 | 31.83% | 21 | 0.41% | 162 | 3.14% | 2 | 0.04% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,688 | 32.76% | 5,153 |
Iron | 1,250 | 81.17% | 246 | 15.97% | 16 | 1.04% | 25 | 1.62% | 2 | 0.13% | 1 | 0.06% | 1,004 | 65.19% | 1,540 |
Jackson | 2,746 | 82.22% | 479 | 14.34% | 26 | 0.78% | 89 | 2.66% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 2,267 | 67.87% | 3,340 |
Jefferson | 3,669 | 47.78% | 3,764 | 49.02% | 96 | 1.25% | 147 | 1.91% | 2 | 0.03% | 1 | 0.01% | -95 | -1.24% | 7,679 |
Juneau | 3,234 | 70.15% | 1,243 | 26.96% | 42 | 0.91% | 78 | 1.69% | 11 | 0.24% | 2 | 0.04% | 1,991 | 43.19% | 4,610 |
Kenosha | 3,307 | 60.96% | 1,592 | 29.35% | 440 | 8.11% | 77 | 1.42% | 5 | 0.09% | 4 | 0.07% | 1,715 | 31.61% | 5,425 |
Kewaunee | 1,578 | 49.76% | 1,455 | 45.88% | 99 | 3.12% | 36 | 1.14% | 3 | 0.09% | 0 | 0.00% | 123 | 3.88% | 3,171 |
La Crosse | 5,506 | 61.82% | 3,086 | 34.65% | 115 | 1.29% | 189 | 2.12% | 7 | 0.08% | 3 | 0.03% | 2,420 | 27.17% | 8,906 |
Lafayette | 2,875 | 58.28% | 1,921 | 38.94% | 28 | 0.57% | 106 | 2.15% | 1 | 0.02% | 2 | 0.04% | 954 | 19.34% | 4,933 |
Langlade | 2,103 | 65.72% | 1,018 | 31.81% | 30 | 0.94% | 46 | 1.44% | 2 | 0.06% | 1 | 0.03% | 1,085 | 33.91% | 3,200 |
Lincoln | 2,850 | 70.49% | 1,004 | 24.83% | 106 | 2.62% | 69 | 1.71% | 13 | 0.32% | 1 | 0.02% | 1,846 | 45.66% | 4,043 |
Manitowoc | 4,626 | 53.31% | 3,271 | 37.69% | 687 | 7.92% | 93 | 1.07% | 1 | 0.01% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,355 | 15.61% | 8,678 |
Marathon | 6,144 | 63.11% | 3,245 | 33.33% | 178 | 1.83% | 158 | 1.62% | 3 | 0.03% | 7 | 0.07% | 2,899 | 29.78% | 9,735 |
Marinette | 3,977 | 77.30% | 816 | 15.86% | 195 | 3.79% | 144 | 2.80% | 11 | 0.21% | 2 | 0.04% | 3,161 | 61.44% | 5,145 |
Marquette | 1,604 | 65.68% | 747 | 30.59% | 9 | 0.37% | 81 | 3.32% | 1 | 0.04% | 0 | 0.00% | 857 | 35.09% | 2,442 |
Milwaukee | 32,587 | 46.22% | 18,547 | 26.31% | 18,339 | 26.01% | 935 | 1.33% | 30 | 0.04% | 61 | 0.09% | 14,040 | 19.92% | 70,499 |
Monroe | 3,892 | 66.78% | 1,749 | 30.01% | 35 | 0.60% | 145 | 2.49% | 7 | 0.12% | 0 | 0.00% | 2,143 | 36.77% | 5,828 |
Oconto | 3,279 | 73.95% | 1,017 | 22.94% | 62 | 1.40% | 68 | 1.53% | 5 | 0.11% | 3 | 0.07% | 2,262 | 51.01% | 4,434 |
Oneida | 1,710 | 75.66% | 373 | 16.50% | 130 | 5.75% | 44 | 1.95% | 1 | 0.04% | 2 | 0.09% | 1,337 | 59.16% | 2,260 |
Outagamie | 5,951 | 63.72% | 3,138 | 33.60% | 113 | 1.21% | 133 | 1.42% | 2 | 0.02% | 2 | 0.02% | 2,813 | 30.12% | 9,339 |
Ozaukee | 1,492 | 47.67% | 1,494 | 47.73% | 111 | 3.55% | 26 | 0.83% | 6 | 0.19% | 1 | 0.03% | -2 | -0.06% | 3,130 |
Pepin | 1,033 | 74.16% | 327 | 23.47% | 3 | 0.22% | 29 | 2.08% | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 0.07% | 706 | 50.68% | 1,393 |
Pierce | 3,492 | 82.32% | 594 | 14.00% | 24 | 0.57% | 129 | 3.04% | 3 | 0.07% | 0 | 0.00% | 2,898 | 68.32% | 4,242 |
Polk | 2,985 | 85.55% | 296 | 8.48% | 98 | 2.81% | 101 | 2.89% | 2 | 0.06% | 7 | 0.20% | 2,689 | 77.07% | 3,489 |
Portage | 3,634 | 61.10% | 2,168 | 36.45% | 44 | 0.74% | 101 | 1.70% | 1 | 0.02% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,466 | 24.65% | 5,948 |
Price | 2,202 | 80.25% | 399 | 14.54% | 71 | 2.59% | 70 | 2.55% | 2 | 0.07% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,803 | 65.71% | 2,744 |
Racine | 5,573 | 55.62% | 2,584 | 25.79% | 1,453 | 14.50% | 257 | 2.57% | 147 | 1.47% | 5 | 0.05% | 2,989 | 29.83% | 10,019 |
Richland | 2,696 | 61.52% | 1,340 | 30.58% | 48 | 1.10% | 295 | 6.73% | 3 | 0.07% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,356 | 30.94% | 4,382 |
Rock | 7,972 | 71.69% | 2,350 | 21.13% | 458 | 4.12% | 316 | 2.84% | 22 | 0.20% | 2 | 0.02% | 5,622 | 50.56% | 11,120 |
Sauk | 4,805 | 67.55% | 1,914 | 26.91% | 52 | 0.73% | 342 | 4.81% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 2,891 | 40.64% | 7,113 |
Sawyer | 782 | 75.05% | 204 | 19.58% | 13 | 1.25% | 29 | 2.78% | 13 | 1.25% | 1 | 0.10% | 578 | 55.47% | 1,042 |
Shawano | 3,684 | 72.61% | 1,237 | 24.38% | 24 | 0.47% | 118 | 2.33% | 10 | 0.20% | 1 | 0.02% | 2,447 | 48.23% | 5,074 |
Sheboygan | 6,121 | 57.19% | 3,430 | 32.05% | 901 | 8.42% | 198 | 1.85% | 33 | 0.31% | 19 | 0.18% | 2,691 | 25.14% | 10,702 |
St. Croix | 3,898 | 68.35% | 1,569 | 27.51% | 108 | 1.89% | 116 | 2.03% | 10 | 0.18% | 2 | 0.04% | 2,329 | 40.84% | 5,703 |
Taylor | 1,725 | 68.10% | 719 | 28.39% | 44 | 1.74% | 42 | 1.66% | 2 | 0.08% | 1 | 0.04% | 1,006 | 39.72% | 2,533 |
Trempealeau | 3,560 | 75.63% | 976 | 20.74% | 10 | 0.21% | 156 | 3.31% | 5 | 0.11% | 0 | 0.00% | 2,584 | 54.90% | 4,707 |
Vernon | 4,744 | 82.42% | 758 | 13.17% | 28 | 0.49% | 220 | 3.82% | 6 | 0.10% | 0 | 0.00% | 3,986 | 69.25% | 5,756 |
Vilas | 1,467 | 79.17% | 321 | 17.32% | 39 | 2.10% | 25 | 1.35% | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 0.05% | 1,146 | 61.85% | 1,853 |
Walworth | 4,892 | 73.33% | 1,378 | 20.66% | 135 | 2.02% | 263 | 3.94% | 3 | 0.04% | 0 | 0.00% | 3,514 | 52.68% | 6,671 |
Washburn | 989 | 77.51% | 207 | 16.22% | 48 | 3.76% | 31 | 2.43% | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 0.08% | 782 | 61.29% | 1,276 |
Washington | 2,565 | 52.10% | 2,233 | 45.36% | 68 | 1.38% | 55 | 1.12% | 2 | 0.04% | 0 | 0.00% | 332 | 6.74% | 4,923 |
Waukesha | 5,247 | 62.68% | 2,686 | 32.09% | 231 | 2.76% | 205 | 2.45% | 1 | 0.01% | 1 | 0.01% | 2,561 | 30.59% | 8,371 |
Waupaca | 5,471 | 81.45% | 941 | 14.01% | 70 | 1.04% | 233 | 3.47% | 2 | 0.03% | 0 | 0.00% | 4,530 | 67.44% | 6,717 |
Waushara | 3,140 | 87.59% | 319 | 8.90% | 25 | 0.70% | 96 | 2.68% | 3 | 0.08% | 2 | 0.06% | 2,821 | 78.69% | 3,585 |
Winnebago | 7,565 | 62.19% | 4,006 | 32.93% | 311 | 2.56% | 259 | 2.13% | 15 | 0.12% | 8 | 0.07% | 3,559 | 29.26% | 12,164 |
Wood | 4,002 | 67.02% | 1,674 | 28.04% | 195 | 3.27% | 96 | 1.61% | 4 | 0.07% | 0 | 0.00% | 2,328 | 38.99% | 5,971 |
Total | 280,164[h] | 63.24% | 124,107[i] | 28.01% | 28,220 | 6.37% | 9,770 | 2.21% | 530 | 0.12% | 223 | 0.05% | 156,057 | 35.23% | 443,014 |
Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican
[edit]See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ The 1905 Blue Book gives the totals as Roosevelt 285,315; Parker 124,205; Debs 28,240; Swallow 9,872; Watson 560; Corregan 249. Based on the Board of Canvassers report, these totals are simply incorrect; no elector on any ticket received those numbers of votes. Indeed, the Blue Book is an unreliable source for Wisconsin election data from about 1890 to 1920 and its figures frequently differ from the figures listed in the Board of Canvassers reports.
- ^ The county figures add up to 280,169
- ^ The county figures add up to 124,081
- ^ In Wisconsin, the Socialist Party was still referred to as the Social Democratic Party in 1904
- ^ The Socialist Labor Party ran only 12 electors on its Wisconsin ticket
- ^ Based on totals for highest elector on each ticket
- ^ Based on highest elector on each ticket
- ^ The county figures add up to 280,169
- ^ The county figures add up to 124,081
References
[edit]- ^ Phillips, Kevin P.; The Emerging Republican Majority, pp. 381-382, 414 ISBN 978-0-691-16324-6
- ^ Phillips; The Emerging Republican Majority, p. 384
- ^ Sundquist, James; Politics and Policy: The Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Years, p. 526 ISBN 0815719094
- ^ Burnham, Walter Dean; 'The System of 1896: An Analysis'; in The Evolution of American Electoral Systems, pp. 178-179 ISBN 0313213798
- ^ Hansen, John Mark; Shigeo Hirano, and Snyder, James M. Jr.; ‘Parties within Parties: Parties, Factions, and Coordinated Politics, 1900-1980’; in Gerber, Alan S. and Schickler, Eric; Governing in a Polarized Age: Elections, Parties, and Political Representation in America, pp. 165-168 ISBN 978-1-107-09509-0
- ^ ‘Will Vote for Roosevelt’; Appleton Post, October 20, 1904, p. 4
- ^ a b Wisconsin Historical Society, Tabular Statement of votes given for President and Vice President of the United States at the general election held in the several towns, wards, villages, and election districts in the several counties of the State of Wisconsin, on the Tuesday next succeeding the first Monday, being the eighth day of November A.D. 1904