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SS Europa (1928)

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SS Europa prior to her maiden voyage
History
Germany
NameEuropa
OwnerNorddeutscher Lloyd
Port of registryBremen, Germany
RouteBremerhaven-Southampton-Cherbourg-New York
Ordered1927
BuilderBlohm & Voss shipyard, Hamburg, Germany
Launched15 August 1928
Christened15 August 1928
Completed22 February 1930
Maiden voyage19 March 1930
In serviceMarch 1930
Out of serviceMay 1945
FateCaptured by Allied forces and claimed as war prize by the US Navy
Notes
United States
NameUSS Europa
OperatorUnited States Navy
Port of registryBoston, USA
RouteTransatlantic
Acquired1945
In service1945 to 1946
Out of service1946
IdentificationPennant Number AP-177
FateTurned over to the French Line in 1946
NotesServed as a Troop Transport from Brest, France to New York, USA
France
NameSS Liberté
OperatorCompagnie Générale Transatlantique
RouteLe Havre-Southampton-New York
Acquired1946
Maiden voyage16 July 1950
In service1950 to 1963
Out of service1946 to 1950, 1962
FateRetired in 1962 and scrapped in 1963.
General characteristics
TypeOcean liner
Tonnage49,746 GRT
Displacement55,500 long tons (56,391 t)[1]
Length936.7 ft (283.5 m)
Beam101.7 feet (31 m)
Height150.6 feet
Decks12
Installed powerFour steam turbines generating 105,000 shp
PropulsionQuadruple propellers
Speed27.5 knots (50.9 km/h; 31.6 mph)
Capacity
  • 2,195 total passengers:
    • 860 first class
    • 502 second class
    • 305 tourist class
    • 617 third class
Crew965

SS Europa, later SS Liberté IMO 5607332, was a German ocean liner built for the Norddeutsche Lloyd line (NDL) to work the transatlantic sea route. Launched in 1928, she and her sister ship, Bremen, were the two most advanced, high-speed steam turbine ocean vessels in their day, with both earning the Blue Riband.[2]

After World War II French line Compagnie Générale Transatlantique was awarded the Europa as a war prize to replace the destroyed SS Normandie, which had caught fire and capsized at her moorings while interned by the United States in New York City. Europa was refitted at Le Havre and rechristened the Liberté, serving until the arrival of the SS France in 1961 as the premier liner in the Compagnie's fleet. She was laid up in 1962 and scrapped at La Spezia, Italy, in 1963.

History

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Construction

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Europa was built in 1928 with her sister ship SS Bremen to be the second 50,000–gross ton North German Lloyd liner. They both were powered with advanced high-speed steam turbine engines and were built with a bulbous bow entry[citation needed] and a low streamlined profile.[citation needed]

Europa and her slightly larger sister ship were designed to have a cruising speed of 27.5 knots, allowing an Atlantic crossing time of 5 days. This enabled Norddeutsche Lloyd to run regular weekly crossings with two ships, an operation that previously required three.[citation needed]

Europa burning and listing during her fitting out

The Europa was launched at Blohm & Voss shipyard, Hamburg on Wednesday, August 15, 1928. Europa was intended to be completed in spring 1929. However, on the morning of 26 March 1929, a fire broke out while still at the equipment dock. The fire raged all day long and it was not until the evening when the fire was under control. The ship's turbines were damaged heavily and also the remainder of the ship had been significantly damaged. After long discussions between builder and shipping company, it was decided to repair the ship. Within eleven months the ship was finished and completed on February 22, 1930.[3] The cause of the fire has never been clearly identified.[citation needed]

Blue Riband

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Europa made her maiden voyage to New York on 19 March 1930 taking the westbound Blue Riband from SS Bremen with the average speed of 27.91 knots and a crossing time of 4 days, 17 hours and 6 minutes. During the voyage many of her passengers were disturbed by the soot coming out of Europa's low funnels. The problem was corrected by raising the funnels by 15 feet, though decreasing her low profile. After they were raised, there were no more complaints.[4] She held the Riband until Bremen recaptured it in June 1933.[2]

Aircraft

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Heinkel He 58 D-1919 Bremen Atlantic being loaded onto the catapult on SS Europa

Like Bremen, Europa had a small seaplane launched from a catapult on her upper deck between the funnels. The airplane flew from the ship to a landing at the seaplane port in Blexen.

The catapult was removed from both Bremen and Europa after a few years of service.

World War II

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USS Europa in dazzle camouflage in Bremerhaven, May 1945

Europa was inactive for most of World War II. There were plans to use her as a transport in Operation Sea Lion, the intended invasion of Great Britain, and later conversion to an aircraft carrier.[5] None of these plans came to pass, and in 1945, she was captured by the Allies and used as a troopship, sailing as the USS Europa (AP-177).[2] The US Navy ensign who was handed the German captain’s pistol as the sign of surrender was a 28 year old surnamed Dolin.[citation needed] The United States claimed the ship as a war prize on 8 May 1945 and gave the vessel to the US Navy, which commissioned Europa 25 August 1945. Europa cleared Bremerhaven on 11 September 1945 for Southampton, England, where she loaded 4,500 homeward-bound American troops, arriving in New York City on 24 September. After alteration to increase her troop-carrying capacity, she made two voyages to Southampton to bring US servicemen home to the United States. She sailed from New York once more, on 15 March 1946, bound for Kirkwall in the Orkney Islands, and Bremerhaven, where she moored on 24 March.[6]

Europa suffered from small fires caused by the removal of the ship's original high-quality fittings and installation of inferior replacements to compensate for material shortages in the war effort. Also, several serious hull cracks were discovered.[2] The vessel was decommissioned on 2 May 1946 and delivered to the State Department on 8 June 1946. She was later transferred to France in partial payment of war reparations.[6]

French Line

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Europa sunk following a collision with the capsized SS Paris at Le Havre
Sailing as SS Liberté in the 1950s

After World War II French line Compagnie Générale Transatlantique was awarded Europa as a war prize to replace the destroyed SS Normandie, which had caught fire and capsized at her moorings while interned by the United States in New York City. Europa was taken to Le Havre for refitting – which proved fraught with difficulties. On December 8, 1946, a storm caused her to break free from her moorings and she collided with the wreck of Paris, causing significant damage to her hull.[7] She was raised in April 1947 and towed to the Ateliers et Chantiers de Saint-Nazaire Penhoët shipyard in Saint-Nazaire to complete her refitting. She suffered some further damage when the ship caught fire once again in October 1949, resulting in damage to some of her passenger space.[2] Finally, on August 2, 1950, wearing CGT black-topped red funnels in place of NDL yellow, she made her maiden voyage to New York under her new name, Liberté.[8] After five years and two near disasters the crossing was uneventful. Sailing the Le Havre – New York route, and she went on to serve as the premier transatlantic liner in the French Line fleet until the arrival of the 66,000-ton SS France in 1961. Liberté was laid up in 1962 and scrapped at La Spezia, Italy, in 1963.

Liberté was featured prominently in the Jane Russell film The French Line. Liberté made an appearance in the opening credits of the 1953 film How to Marry a Millionaire, as well as the 1954 classic film Sabrina, starring Audrey Hepburn and Humphrey Bogart, in the final scenes of the film.[9]

Fate

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Liberté being scrapped in La Spezia, 1964

Liberté was scrapped in La Spezia, Italy, in 1964.

References

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  1. ^ Europa, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
  2. ^ a b c d e Braynard, Frank; Miller, William (1982). Fifty Famous Liners. London: Patrick Stephens Limited. pp. 126–127. ISBN 0-85059-504-5.
  3. ^ "The Ocean Liner Virtual Museum". Archived from the original on 2007-10-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  4. ^ Kludas, Arnold (2000). Record breakers of the North Atlantic, Blue Riband Liners 1838-1952. London: Chatham. ISBN 1-86176-141-4.
  5. ^ Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-790-9. OCLC 22101769.
  6. ^ a b "Europa AP 177". www.historycentral.com.
  7. ^ "Europa, Once Superliner, Smashed at French Port"[permanent dead link‍], Milwaukee Sentinel, December 10, 1946, p3
  8. ^ "Big Liner Sails", Saskatoon Star-Phoenix - August 2, 1950, p12
  9. ^ Christopher P. Winner (November 29, 2009). "Pinups". The American. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2010.

Further reading

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  • Miller, William H. (2013). Île de France and Liberté: France's premier post-war liners. Classic Liners series. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press. ISBN 9780752474861.
  • Willoughby, J. Russell (2010). Bremen and Europa: German Speed Queens of the Atlantic. Canterbury: Maritime Publishing Concepts. ISBN 9780953103553.
  • "AP-177 Europa". Service Ship Photo Archive. Retrieved March 28, 2007.
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Records
Preceded by Holder of the Blue Riband (Westbound)
1930 – 1933 		Succeeded by
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