Typometry (printing)
Typometry was a short-lived relief printing technique developed during the 18th and 19th centuries to compose maps, drawings and other designs, using moveable type to reproduce words, lineworks and map symbols.[1][2][3]
History
[edit]Renaissance precursors
[edit]During the European Renaissance, many engravers and printers revolved to typography to solve the problem of small lettering on maps, which was very difficult to reproduce solely by using custom engraved lettering. One of the techniques they relied on was the setting of metal type, which was fitted inside a special form, surrounded by spacing material. Words set that way could then be overprinted over woodcut-printed maps as a separate plate, either in black or coloured ink.[1] This technique has been considered a precursor of the typometric technique of the 18th century.[4]
18th-century inventors
[edit]In the 18th century, the German deacon August Gottlieb Preuschen (1734–1803), from Karlsruhe, published two books on the art of printing maps using movable type.[5] The books were printed in Basel, Switzerland, using type from the foundry Haas'sche Schriftgiesserei, by Wilhelm Haas-Münch (1741–1800). Wilhelm Haas-Münch has been quoted as the inventor of typometry in 1776,[6] in competition with Johann Gottlob Breitkopf of Leipzig.[7] The name typometrie was proposed by August Gottlieb Preuschen himself, the former name of the method being ingénieurie d'estampes (sic.) (engraving's engineering, in French in the original).[3][8]
After some rudimentary tests by Preuschen, the 1776 map of the Canton of Basel[9] (in cuarto format) was the first map created by this technique.[5] Some others would follow, such as the 1777 map of Sicily,[10] which features toponyms printed with moveable type as well as roads, coasts, divisions and rivers printed with folding metal filaments. Special moveable topographic symbols mark the mountain ranges of the island, its fortifications, and other landmarks.
The printer Johann Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf, based in Leipzig (Germany) was at first critical with the invention, claiming that it was impossible to accurately adapt and assemble different shapes of types to create a new form.[11] But, after the typometric prints were proven to be successful, he began experimenting himself with the technique,[12] and he printed a map of the whereabouts of Leipzig by using it.
19th-century researchers
[edit]
In the early 19th century, two different issues of a French review called the Bulletin de la Société d’Encouragement pour l’Industrie Nationale contains articles about typometry. The first one, of 1808, refers to the research work of Mr. Periaux and Mr. Poterat, to produce typometric maps, to generate a viable alternative to engraved maps.[13] The second article, of 1825, introduces the advancements made by Firmin Didot, son, in the technique of printing maps by using typographic means.[14]
The polychrome maps of France[15] made by Didot were sold at the price of 1 franc and 50 cents, which was more affordable than the monochrome engraved maps of the time.[16] Typometric maps, even with their inferior detail quality, were also considerably faster to produce than engraved maps. After Didot, and until 1832, printers Wegener the Young in Berlin[3] and Georg Michael Bauerkeller (1805–1886) in Frankfurt am Main[8] did some essays with the technique for producing maps, but without attaining much success.
It was not until 1839 in Vienna that the Austrian geographer Franz Raffelsperger (1793–1861), having perfected his own printing methods without knowing the work of his predecessors, produced a typometric postal card of the Austrian Empire of unprecedented quality.[3] This postal card was rewarded with the golden medal at the industrial exhibition that took place that year in Vienna,[3] and the next year he opened his own typometric press in that city.[2] Raffelsperger produced moveable type characters that allowed him to print every possible feature in a map, including geographic and topographic features, mathematical and geometric symbols, architectural landmarks and even plants and animals. He also designed custom symbols for cities, forests and other elements, that he printed in five different text sizes and in several languages. He then combined these this typometric technique with polychromy, so he could print moveable type characters for each geographical feature of the map with their very own precise colour hue. The different available sizes of his printing components allowed him to print his maps in several sizes without losing quality, and that at a very reduced cost.[3]
After Raffelsperger, other European printers continued to experiment with typometry, and several examples were presented at the 1855 International Exhibition in Paris.[3][17] However, with the advent of lithography, invented by Alois Senefelder in 1796, typometry was confronted with another method that was even better at reproducing detail and that allowed to print several solid colours at a low price, so it was progressively abandoned.[12]
Notes and references
[edit]- ^ a b Woodward, David (2007). The History of Cartography (PDF). Vol. 3. The University of Chicago Press. p. 600.
- ^ a b Hammann, J. M. Hermann (1857). Des arts graphiques destinés à multiplier par l'impression, considérés sous le double point de vue historique et pratique (in French). J. Cherbuliez (Geneva). pp. 128–131.
On comprend sous le nom collectif et générique de typomètre l'art de composer et imprimer, au moyen de types mobiles, les cartes géographiques, les dessins mathématiques et géométriques, ceux des plans des machines, d'objets d'histoire naturelle, et même des portraits. [English: We understand typometry, collectively and generically, as the art of composing and printing, by means of mobile type, geographical maps, mathematical and geometrical drawings, plans for machines, natural history objects, and even portraits.]
- ^ a b c d e f g Hammann, J. M. Herman (1857). "Typométrie". Des arts graphiques destinés à multiplier par l'impression, considérés sous le double point de vue historique et pratique (in French). Paris: Cherbuliez. pp. 128–132. LCCN 12011908.
- ^ Harris, Elizabeth (1975). "Miscellaneous Map Printing Processes in the Nineteenth Century". Five Centuries of Map Printing. David Woodward, Ed. pp. 113–36.
- ^ a b Mayeul Chaudon, Louis (1810). Dictionnaire universel, historique, critique et bibliographique [Universal, historical, critical and bibliographic dictionary] (in French). Vol. VIII. pp. 198–199.
- ^ "Haas, Wilhelm". Historische Lexikon der Schweiz (in French).
Il inventa en 1772 une presse à bras où les jumelles de bois étaient remplacées par des pièces métalliques et en 1776 l'impression cartographique en caractères mobiles.
- ^ "Typometry: a successful technique for producing up-to-date maps". Cartographica Helvetica (35–38). Arbeitsgruppe für Kartengeschichte der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Kartographie. 2007.
- ^ a b Falkenstein, Constantin Karl (1856). Geschichte der Buchdruckerkunst in ihrer Entstehung und Ausbildung: ein Denkmal zur vierten Säcular-Feier der Erfindung der Typographie (in German). Teubner. p. 380.
Der Name "Typometrie" stammt von dem Diakon Preuschen, der feine Methode zuerst "Ingenieurie d'Estampes" getauft hatte.
- ^ Prodromus tentaminis typometrici maioris Rempublicam Basileensem / secundum Aug. Gotl. Preuschenii nec non Gullielmi Haasii systema typometricum describens (18 x 22 cm) (Map). Ca. 1:180 000 (in Latin and German). 1776. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
- ^ Jaillot, Alexis-Hubert; Preuschen, August Gotlieb; Haas, Guillaume (1777). Carte de la Sicile, composée d'après celle de Jaillot avec des caractères mobiles suivant le nouveau système typométrique de Auguste Gottlieb Preuschen diacre à la cour de Bade / perfectionné et executé par Guillaume Haas (Map) (in French).
- ^ Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne: ou, Histoire, par ordre alphabétique, de la vie publique et privée de tous les hommes qui se sont fait remarquer par leurs écrits, leurs actions, leurs talents, leurs vertus ou leurs crimes. Ouvrage entièrement neuf, redigé par une société de gens de lettres et de savants. L. G. Michaud, Paris. 1823. p. 54.
- ^ a b Von Ralf Herrmann (7 February 2013). "Typometrie – ein vergessenes Stück Druckkunst-Geschichte" [Typometry – a forgotten piece of printing art history]. typographie.info (in German). Retrieved 31 October 2016.
- ^ "Cartes typo-géographiques". Bulletin de la Société d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale, septième année (in French). 1808. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
- ^ "Typographie". Bulletin de la Société d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale, vingt-quatrième année: 62. 1825. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
- ^ Langlois, Joseph; Barbié Du Bocage, Jean-Denis; Firmin-Didot (1823). Cartes Typo-géographiques, inventées et imprimées par Firmin Didot. France. 25 Lieues [=Om. 037; 1 : 3 000 000 ]; Jos. Langlois delin.; Barbié du Bocage dir (Map). 1 : 3.000.000 (in French).
- ^ "Charten-Recensionen". Neue allgemeine geographische und statistische Ephemeriden [New general geographic and statistical ephemerides] (in German). Vol. 13. 1824. pp. 216–217.
- ^ See, on that issue, Madinier, Henry (1855). Notes sur les principaux produits exposés de l'imprimerie (in French). Imprimerie Administrative de P. Dupont., where typometry is referred to as travail en filets typographiques (work with typographic threads in French).