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Typhoon Fitow

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This article is about the 2013 typhoon. For other storms of the same name, see List of storms named Fitow.

Typhoon Fitow (Quedan)
Fitow at peak intensity on October 5
Meteorological history
FormedSeptember 29, 2013
DissipatedOctober 7, 2013
Typhoon
10-minute sustained (JMA)
Highest winds140 km/h (85 mph)
Lowest pressure960 hPa (mbar); 28.35 inHg
Category 2-equivalent typhoon
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds165 km/h (105 mph)
Lowest pressure956 hPa (mbar); 28.23 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities12 total
Damage$10.4 billion (2013 USD)
(Fifth-costliest typhoon on record in nominal terms; third-costliest in Chinese history)
Areas affectedChina, Taiwan, Japan
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 2013 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Fitow, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Quedan, was the strongest typhoon to make landfall in mainland China during October since 1949. The 21st named storm of the 2013 Pacific typhoon season, Fitow developed on September 29 to the east of the Philippines. It initially tracked north-northwestward, gradually intensifying into a tropical storm and later to typhoon status, or with winds of at least 120 km/h (75 mph). Fitow later turned more to the west-northwest due to an intensifying ridge to the east, bringing the typhoon over the Ryukyu Islands with peak winds of 140 km/h (87 mph) on October 5. The next day, the typhoon struck China at Fuding in Fujian province. Fitow quickly weakened over land, dissipating on October 7.

Across its path, Fitow spurred many airlines to cancel flights and caused other transport disruptions. In Japan, the typhoon damaged 1,464 houses and left about 6,800 households without power on Miyako-jima. Heavy rainfall in Taiwan flooded houses and caused mudslides that closed two highways. Damage was heaviest in Fujian and Zhejiang provinces in China near where Fitow struck. In the latter province, rainfall peaked at 803 mm (31.6 in) in Yuyao, which flooded 70% of the town with up to 3 m (9.8 ft) of waters; as a result, the floods were the worst in a century for Yuyao, which disrupted aid distribution in the storm's aftermath. Across China, Fitow damaged about 95,000 houses and left at least 159,000 other houses without power. The storm also flooded about 75,000 hectares (190,000 acres) of fields and killed thousands of fish at fish farms. The damage in the country reached ¥63.14 billion (2013 RMB, $10.3 billion USD),[nb 1] of which ¥6 billion (RMB, US$1 billion) was from insured losses, totaling up to ¥69.14 billion (RMB, $10.4 billion in 2013 USD), making it, at the time, the costliest event on record until it was surpassed by Typhoon Doksuri in 2023 and Typhoon Yagi in 2024. There were also 12 deaths in China, eight of them related to electrocutions.

Meteorological history

[edit]
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The origins of Typhoon Fitow were from a persistent area of convection, or thunderstorms, about 310 kilometres (190 miles) north-northeast of Palau, an island in the western Pacific Ocean during mid-late September. At the time, wind shear dislocated the convection to the west of a broad and poorly defined circulation. Although the system was poorly organized, tropical cyclone forecast models noted the potential for development to occur.[2] The convection gradually consolidated and outflow increased to the west, indicative of increased organization.[3] Early on September 29, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)[nb 2] declared that a tropical depression formed about 310 km (195 mi) to the northeast of Palau.[5] Around the same time, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) also began issuing warnings on the depression, giving it the local name Quedan.[6] Early on September 30, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC)[nb 3] initiated advisories on Tropical Depression 22W, noting that the circulation had become increasingly well-defined amid decreasing wind shear.[8]

With a ridge to the east, the system tracked to the north-northwest through an area of warm water temperatures.[8] At 1200 UTC on September 30, the JMA upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Fitow.[9] Although outflow and convection increased in general, the thunderstorm activity diminished over the center due to sinking air.[10] By late on October 1, however, convection increased over Fitow's center,[11] and the next day the JMA upgraded it to a severe tropical storm.[5] On October 2, an eye began developing on satellite imagery,[12] although the rainbands wrapping into the eye were fragmented.[13] It took until midday on October 3 for the JTWC to upgrade Fitow to typhoon status, with 1–minute sustained winds of 120 km/h (75 mph). By that time, the convection had increased in coverage and intensity, with outflow increased by a trough to the north.[14] The JMA did not follow suit until 1200 UTC on October 4,[5] by which time the eye had become better defined.[15]

Typhoons Fitow (left) and Danas (right) existing simultaneously on October 6

After officially becoming a typhoon, Fitow turned more to the northwest due to the ridge building to the east. Despite increasing wind shear, the typhoon continued to intensify due to amplified outflow.[15] Late on October 4, the JMA upgraded Fitow to peak 10–minute winds of 140 km/h (87 mph).[5] Early the next day, the JTWC estimated peak 1–minute winds of 105 mph (169 km/h),[16] and shortly thereafter the typhoon passed about 225 km (140 mph) south of Okinawa. By that time, the eye had expanded to 75 km (47 mi), which initially remained unaffected by the increased wind shear.[17] Also on October 5, PAGASA issued the final advisory as the storm exited the agency's area of responsibility.[18] Around 1500 UTC on October 5, Fitow passed about 40 km (25 mi) north of Miyako-jima, by which time the eye began deteriorating.[19] As the typhoon passed northeast of Taiwan, the ragged eye became cloud-filled and the convection weakened.[20] Late on October 6, Fitow made landfall just south of Wenzhou in eastern China,[21] at Fuding in Fujian province.[22] Fitow became the strongest China typhoon landfall for the month since 1949 according to the China Meteorological Administration (CMA), with a landfall pressure of 955 mbar (28.2 inHg) and sustained winds of 151 km/h (94 mph).[22] While continuing northwestward near the border of Zhejiang and Fujian provinces, Fitow rapidly weakened, dissipating on October 7.[5]

Preparations

[edit]
Taiwan High Speed Rail warning issued ahead of the storm

On the Japanese island of Okinawa, 288 flights at Naha Airport were canceled, affecting 28,000 people. Officials also canceled bus, monorail, and ferry services.[23] In South Korea, workers involved with the 2013 Formula One season issued a typhoon alert and began planning contingencies in the event Fitow affected the Korean Grand Prix.[24] Officials in Taiwan issued a storm warning before Fitow passed north of the island.[25] The Taiwan military activated 20,000 troops to protect and be on standby. Seventeen ferry services between Taiwan and the offshore islands were terminated,[26] and over 200 flights were canceled. Schools and government offices closed in portions of Taiwan due to the storm.[27]

Ahead of the storm, officials in China issued warnings for Zhejiang and Fujian for the potential of high winds and flooding, which was later credited for reducing casualties.[22] The Chinese army was utilized to assist in militating against potential flooding. Officials told boat owners to put their property in shelter, totaling 65,000 vessels ordered to return to report. Coastal facilities such as seaside bathing centers were closed. Before Fitow struck China, 177,000 people evacuated in Fujian and a further 574,000 evacuated their houses in Zhejiang, totaling 751,000 people.[28] In Shanghai, 42 train or bus rides were canceled, along with 40 canceled flights.[29] Two airports in Zhejiang had 49 canceled flights, with another 20 canceled in Fujian.[30]

Impact

[edit]
Costliest known Pacific typhoons (adjusted for inflation)
Rank Typhoon Season Damage
(2023 USD)
1 Doksuri 2023 $28.5 billion
2 Mireille 1991 $22.4 billion
3 Hagibis 2019 $20.6 billion
4 Yagi 2024 $16.9 billion
5 Jebi 2018 $15.8 billion
6 Songda 2004 $15 billion
7 Fitow 2013 $13.6 billion
8 Faxai 2019 $11.9 billion
9 Saomai 2000 $11.1 billion
10 Lekima 2019 $11.1 billion
Source: [1]

In Japan, Fitow produced peak wind gusts of 133 km/h (83 mph) on Miyako-jima,[31] where about 6,800 homes lost power.[32] Winds gusted to 193 km/h (120 mph) on Yoronjima to the north of Okinawa, while 167 km/h (104 mph) gusts were recorded at Kunigami on the northern tip of Okinawa.[23] In Okinawa, the typhoon caused power outages, disrupted transportation, and damaged farms.[31] In Japan, Fitow damaged 1,464 homes and injured five people.[23][33]

While passing north of Taiwan, Fitow dropped heavy rainfall reaching 536 mm (21.1 in) at a station in Hsinchu County. In the county, the rains forced 224 people to evacuate their houses. Mudslides and the threat for flooding spurred officials to close portions of two provincial highways. The typhoon also produced strong winds that caused power outages for 6,900 people.[27]

China

[edit]

Throughout eastern China, the high winds and rains knocked down trees and ruined local shrimp and seaweed farms,[28] and overall 75,000 hectares (190,000 acres) of crops were flooded,[33] including 46,800 ha (116,000 acres) in Wenzhou.[34] Widespread areas were flooded, forcing residents to travel by boats.[28] Fitow damaged or destroyed about 95,000 houses.[33] The typhoon killed 12 people in the country,[35] and left ¥63.1 billion in damage (2013 RMB, $10.4 billion USD).[22] Insured losses from Fitow totaled ¥6 billion (RMB, US$1 billion), the second costliest event on record for China.[33]

As Fitow made landfall in mainland China, it produced wind gusts of 274 km/h (170 mph) in the Shiping Mountains of Zhejiang, setting a record for the province. The typhoon spread heavy rainfall across eastern China in the Jiangnan region, in conjunction with a plume of cold air. An area 175,000 km2 (68,000 sq mi) wide received 50 mm (2.0 in) of precipitation, while an area of 38,000 km2 (15,000 sq mi) wide received over 250 mm (9.8 in) of rainfall.[22] Yuyao in Zhejiang reported a peak rainfall total of 803 mm (31.6 in), a record for the city,[36] while Ningbo reported a daily average of 390 mm (15 in) over three days, setting a record. A station in Shanghai reported 152.9 mm (6.02 in), the highest daily rainfall total since 1961.[37] The rains increased levels along 17 rivers, rising from 0.09 to 2.79 m (0.30 to 9.15 ft), and Lake Tai rose by 3.60 m (11.8 ft). The Yaojiang River, a tributary of the Yongjiang river, reached its highest levels on record,[22] reaching a height of 5.33 m (17.5 ft) in Yuyao.[38]

Across eastern China, Fitow left heavy damage due to strong winds, heavy rainfall, and a powerful storm surge.[33] Floodwaters covered about 70% of the metropolis of Yuyao, reaching 3 m (9.8 ft) in some areas, which cut off power and water supply.[36][39] The floods were the worst in a century for the city, covering most roadways,[40] and forcing most schools, health facilities, and factories to close. In the city, about 100,000 people were forced to evacuate, with 289 temporary shelters opened.[41] Damage in the city alone totaled about ¥20 billion (RMB, US$3.27 billion).[42] In Ningbo in eastern Zhejiang, Fitow wrecked 26,180 houses and damaged local fish farms, killing 51,000 tons of fish. The storm forced 18,134 factories to shut down, and there were also power and telecommunication outages.[43]

In Shanghai, high waters along the Huangpu River damaged a portion of a flood prevention wall.[37] Rainfall caused several matches to be canceled at the 2013 Shanghai Masters.[44] Flooding closed the city zoo and 60 parks,[45] and entered 600 houses.[46] In Cangnan County in Wenzhou, Fitow wrecked 1,200 houses, and throughout Wenzhou, two people died – one after being blown off a hill, and the other trapped under collapsed rubble.[25] High winds left 254,746 people in Zhejiang without power, and eight people died in the province from electrocutions. Another two people died after driving into a flooded river.[47] Throughout China, Fitow damaged or destroyed 95,000 houses.[33]

Aftermath

[edit]

In Zhejiang, about 10,000 utility men worked to restore the widespread power outages.[47] In the days following the storm, about 1.24 million people were forced to stay in shelters due to damage.[39] A total of 11,732 soldiers or militia members assisted in helping in the storm's aftermath. Many cleared mudslides from roads, repaired dams, and helped people leave flooded homes.[48] In Tongxiang in Zhejiang province, thousands of people blocked a highway in protest for not receiving aid, prompting the riot police to break up the gathering. The town did not receive supplies other than water tanks, due to it being designated a "self-rescuing area" according to a local official.[49] Ping An Insurance received insurance claims for 11,348 flooded cars in the days after the storm.[50] The storm caused slight delays to shipping in Ningbo and Shanghai.[51] The Chinese Ministry of Finance and Civil Affairs allocated ¥118 million (US$19.3 million) in funding for Zhejiang and Fujian provinces after the storm.[52]

In general, local governments assisted the affected storm victims by providing food, water, and clothing, even traveling by canoe to distribute aid. However, residents in Yuyao complained about insufficient assistance, as many people were without food or clean water for several days,[39] due to ongoing flooding making distribution difficult.[41] This sparked thousands of people to protest the government, although they dispersed after increased numbers of policemen.[53] Residents were initially required to show food coupons to receive meals, but later anyone with a residence permit could receive the meals; however, the food distribution was disorganized, and there were reports of people looting for food.[38] By October 18, the flooding in Yuyao had subsided and roadways had reopened,[35] and power service was gradually restored. Due to the extended disruptions to the city, garbage service was halted.[38] Two people in Yuyao were arrested after spreading false rumors online that reservoir collapsed during the storm, killing 40 people.[54]

Retirement

[edit]

During their 2014 annual session, the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee announced that the name Fitow would be retired from the naming lists. The name Mun was chosen to replace Fitow.[55]

See also

[edit]

Costliest typhoons in Chinese history:

  • Typhoon Lekima (2019) – the fourth-costliest typhoon in Chinese history
  • Typhoon Doksuri (2023) – the costliest typhoon on record, also the costliest in Chinese history
  • Typhoon Yagi (2024) – the second-costliest typhoon in China

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The total was originally reported in Chinese yuan. Total converted via the XE.com website.[1]
  2. ^ The Japan Meteorological Agency is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean.[4]
  3. ^ The Joint Typhoon Warning Center is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the western Pacific Ocean and other regions.[7]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Chinese Yuan Renminbi to US Dollar Chart". XE. 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  2. ^ "Significant Tropical Weather Advisory". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2013-09-26. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
  3. ^ "Significant Tropical Weather Advisory". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2013-09-27. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
  4. ^ Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo: Typhoon Center 2003 (PDF) (Report). Japan Meteorological Agency. 8. Retrieved 2014-01-20.
  5. ^ a b c d e RSMC Tokyo — Typhoon Center (2013-11-01). Typhoon Fitow (RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track). Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on 2014-05-29. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
  6. ^ Tropical Depression "Quedan" Weather Bulletin Number One (Report). Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. 2013-09-29. Archived from the original on 2024-05-23. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  7. ^ "Joint Typhoon Warning Center Mission Statement". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2011. Archived from the original on July 26, 2007. Retrieved January 20, 2014.
  8. ^ a b "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 22W (Twenty-Two) Warning NR 01". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2014-09-30. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  9. ^ "TS 1323 Fitow (1323) Upgraded from TD". Japan Meteorology Agency. 2013-09-30. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  10. ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 22W (Fitow) Warning NR 04". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2014-10-01. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  11. ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 22W (Fitow) Warning NR 06". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2014-10-01. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  12. ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 22W (Fitow) Warning NR 08". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2014-10-02. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  13. ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 22W (Fitow) Warning NR 10". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2014-10-02. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  14. ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 22W (Fitow) Warning NR 14". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2014-10-03. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  15. ^ a b "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 22W (Fitow) Warning NR 17". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2014-10-04. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  16. ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 22W (Fitow) Warning NR 20". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2014-10-05. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  17. ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 22W (Fitow) Warning NR 21". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2014-10-05. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  18. ^ Tropical Depression "Quedan" Weather Bulletin Number One (Report). Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. 2013-10-05. Archived from the original on 2024-05-23. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  19. ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 22W (Fitow) Warning NR 22". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2014-10-05. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  20. ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 22W (Fitow) Warning NR 25". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2014-10-06. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  21. ^ "Tropical Storm 22W (Fitow) Warning NR 27". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2014-10-06. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  22. ^ a b c d e f Member Report: China (PDF) (Report). 8th Integrated Workshop/2nd TRCG Forum. ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. 2013. Retrieved 2014-03-06.
  23. ^ a b c "Typhoon Fitow hits northern Okinawa". Japan Update. 2013-10-08. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
  24. ^ "Typhoon alert for Korean Grand Prix". Deutsche Presse-Agentur. 2013-10-02. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  25. ^ a b Carol Huang (2013-10-07). "Typhoon Fitow slams into China, kills five". ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
  26. ^ "China on highest alert for Typhoon Fitow". Australia Network News. 2013-10-06. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
  27. ^ a b Shelley Shan (2013-10-07). "Typhoon Fitow cancels flights, closes highways". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
  28. ^ a b c "Typhoon Fitow kills five in China". BBC.com. 2013-10-07. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  29. ^ Typhoon Fitow Hits Shanghai, Closes Transportation Systems. Forbes (Report). 2013-10-06. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
  30. ^ "Typhoon kills five in east China". Xinhua. 2013-10-07. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  31. ^ a b Member Report: Japan (PDF) (Report). 8th Integrated Workshop/2nd TRCG Forum. ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2014-03-04.
  32. ^ Jae Hur (2013-10-06). "Typhoon Fitow Slams Okinawa on Way to China Followed by Danas". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
  33. ^ a b c d e f October 2013 Global Catastrophe Recap (PDF) (Report). AON Benfield. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-01-22. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
  34. ^ "Typhoon Fitow affects 4.56 mln lives in eastern China". China Business News. 2013-10-08. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  35. ^ a b "Typhoon-ravaged Chinese city recovers from flooding". ReliefWeb. Xinhua. 2013-10-18. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
  36. ^ a b Zhang Hong (2013-10-10). "Fitow's remnants continue to batter Zhejiang province". South China Morning Post. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  37. ^ a b "Typhoon Fitow-triggered downpours lash E. China". Xinhua. 2013-10-08. Archived from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
  38. ^ a b c Wang Zhenghua (2013-10-11). "Flood victims still without food, power". China Daily European Edition. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  39. ^ a b c "Disaster response gets a helping hand". ReliefWeb. Xinhua. 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
  40. ^ "Chinese city recovering from floods". China Daily European Edition. 2013-10-10. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  41. ^ a b Wang Zhenghua (2013-10-10). "Floodwaters hamper relief efforts". China Daily European Edition. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  42. ^ "China Focus: Difficult relief for flood-ravaged Chinese city". Xinhua. 2013-10-10. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  43. ^ "Ningbo Municipal Government: Flood Victims Rises to 137 Mln". China Business News. 2013-10-11. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  44. ^ Justin Bergman (2013-10-07). "Isner rallies to beat Giraldo in Shanghai". Associated Press. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  45. ^ "China hit by floods after typhoon". BreakingNews.ie. 2013-10-08. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  46. ^ "Homes and roads flooded, 30-plus flights canceled". Shanghai Daily. 2013-10-09. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  47. ^ a b "Typhoon Fitow leaves 10 dead in E China city". ReliefWeb. Xinhua. 2013-10-09. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
  48. ^ "Ningbo Municipal Government: PLA Troops Plunged Into Flood Relief". China Business News. 2013-10-11. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  49. ^ "Thousands of Angry Flood Victims Block Highway After Typhoon". Radio Free Asia. 2013-10-11. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  50. ^ "Floods in southeast coastal China trigger huge claims on property insurers". Xinhua. 2013-10-09. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  51. ^ "Typhoon Fitow causes slight delays in China chemical shipments". Chemical News and Intelligence. 2013-10-10. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  52. ^ "China allocates funds for typhoon relief". China Daily European Edition. 2013-10-16. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  53. ^ "China city locked down after typhoon relief protests". Agence France-Presse. 2013-10-16. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  54. ^ "Two Zhejiang women detained for spreading false typhoon rumors". Shanghai Daily. 2013-10-10. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  55. ^ Forty-Sixth Session of Typhoon Committee (PDF) (Report). Typhoon Committee. 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-09.
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