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Trinidad and Tobago Carnival

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Carnival
Members of a costume band parade on the streets of Port of Spain
Observed byTrinidad and Tobago
TypeCultural
SignificanceWeek before Lent
Celebrationsprocessions, music, dancing, and the use of masquerade
DateMonday and Tuesday before Lent
FrequencyAnnual
Related toCaribbean Carnival, Mardi Gras, Carnival, Shrove Monday, Ash Wednesday, Lent

The Trinidad and Tobago Carnival is an annual event held on the Monday and Tuesday before Ash Wednesday in Trinidad and Tobago.[1] This event is well known for participants' colorful costumes and exuberant celebrations. There are numerous cultural events such as "band launch" fetes running in the lead up to the street parade on Carnival Monday and Tuesday.[2][3][4] Traditionally, the festival is associated with calypso music, developed by enslaved West and Central Africans in 17th century Trinidad;[5][6] however, Soca music has begun to replace calypso as the more popular musical genre for Carnival.[1] Costume (sometimes called "mas"), stick-fighting, limbo, and steelpan competitions are important components of the festival.[7][8][9]

Carnival, as it is celebrated in Trinidad and Tobago, has spread to many other Caribbean islands as well as several cities worldwide. These celebrations include Toronto's Caribana, Miami's Miami Carnival, Houston Carifest, London's Notting Hill Carnival, as well as New York City's Labor Day Carnival.

Origin

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The annual Carnival in Trinidad dates back to the 1780s, when an influx of immigrants from the French West Indies emigrated to Trinidad in response to the Cédula de Población.[10][11][12] These immigrants included French planters and 'free coloureds' (free people of mixed race),[13][11][14] as well as enslaved Africans.[12][10] The Mas tradition started in the late 18th century with French plantation owners organizing masquerades (mas) and balls before enduring the fasting of Lent.[13] Enslaved Africans, who could not take part in Carnival.[13] They are said to have staged their own mini-carnivals, but using their own rituals and folklore[10] and imitating or mocking their masters' masquerade balls.[15][16]

Enslaved Africans also formed parallel celebration called "Canboulay". Canboulay (from the French cannes brulés, meaning burnt cane)[17] The festival was characterized by drums, singing, calinda dancing, chanting, and stick-fighting.[18][19][17][20] Canboulay is considered is a precursor to Trinidad and Tobago Carnival, and has played an important role in the development of the music of Trinidad and Tobago.

Calypso music was developed in Trinidad in the 17th century from the West African Kaiso and canboulay music brought by African slaves imported to that Caribbean island to work on sugar plantations. These slaves, brought to toil on sugar plantations, were stripped of all connections to their homeland and family and not allowed to talk to each other. They used calypso to mock the slave masters and to communicate with each other. Many early calypsos were sung in French Creole by an individual called a griot. As calypso developed, the role of the griot became known as a chantuelle and eventually, calypsonian.[21] Additional traditions were introduced to Trinidad by enslaved Africans during the 18th century. These include the calinda, a form of martial art involving stick-fighting.[22] The calinda is likely of African origin, and is accompanied by music and dancing.[23][22]

In 1833, the British government passed the Slavery Abolition Act, and Emancipation took effect August 1, 1834.[24][25] After Emancipation, freed Africans first celebrated their freedom on 1 August the anniversary of their emancipation, and soon began celebrating emancipation during the Carnival season. As part of this transformation, they started carrying burning sugarcane in celebration of Canboulay. The carnival soon featured dancing by men and women in masks.

During the mid- and late-1800s, the colonial government tried various ways to suppress Carnival and Carnival festivities.[26] These prohibitions resulted in civil disorder, including the Canboulay riots of 1881 and 1884.[27][28][29] In 1884, the colonial government passed the Peace Preservation Act,[30] in an attempt to prevent violence breaking out during the Carnival. The Act prohibited public carrying of torches, drumming, blowing horns, and stick-fighting (or the assembly of ten or more people with sticks).[30] It also established the official start of Carnival as 6:00 A.M. (the Monday before Lent).[31][32]

Steelpan

Stick fighting and African percussion music were banned in 1881, in response to the Canboulay Riots. They were replaced by bamboo "Bamboo-Tamboo" sticks beaten together, which were themselves banned in turn. In 1937 they reappeared, transformed as an orchestra of frying pans, dustbin lids and oil drums. These steelpans (or pans) are now a major part of the Trinidadian music scene and are a popular section of the Canboulay music contests. In 1941, the United States Navy arrived on Trinidad, and the panmen, who were associated with lawlessness and violence, helped to popularize steel pan music among soldiers, which began its international popularization.

J'ouvert

Main article: J'ouvert
A Music Truck entertains the crowd on the streets. Trucks are an integral part of the street parade, featuring live performances or deejays

J'ouvert (translated from French as "break of day") symbolizes the start of the official two days of Carnival.[33] Beginning early Monday, revelers parade through town in the tradition of the Canboulay celebrations.[34][35] "Jouvay" (as it is commonly pronounced and spelled)[33] features a variety of homemade or satirical costumes.[36][37][38] The celebration involves participants dousing themselves in oil, mud, and powder,[39][40][41] and dancing to calypso and soca music through the streets.[42][43] This is a stark contrast to the attractive and more formal costumes that are donned later in the day on Carnival Monday and on Tuesday.[44]

Carnival dates

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The table shows a list of Trinidad and Tobago Carnival dates from 2009 to 2026.[45][46]

Calendar Year Carnival Monday Carnival Tuesday
2009 February 23 February 24
2010 February 15 February 16
2011 March 7 March 8
2012 February 20 February 21
2013 February 11 February 12
2014 March 3 March 4
2015 February 16 February 17
2016 February 8 February 9
2017 February 27 February 28
2018 February 12 February 13
2019 March 4 March 5
2020 February 24 February 25
2021 Cancelled due to COVID-19[47]
2022 Cancelled due to COVID-19
2023 February 20 February 21
2024 February 12 February 13
2025 March 3 March 4
2026 February 16 February 17

Characters

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Moko jumbie characters
Main article: List of Trinidad and Tobago Carnival character costumes

A few specific characters have evolved during the history of Trinidad and Tobago's Carnival.[7] Among these characters are:

  • Burrokeet – A donkey-riding character, from burroquito (Spanish for 'little donkey').[48] The costume is constructed so as to give the illusion of a dancer riding a small burro or donkey.[49][48] This masquerade was brought to Trinidad by Venezuelan settlers.[50]
  • Dame Lorraine – A voluptuous woman.[51] The costume parodies the dress of 18th-century French aristocratic women and is stuffed in the hips and bust.[52] Often performed by men.[52][53]
  • Jab Jab – A devil character, from the French Patois diable (meaning 'devil). There are Jab Jabs of different colors,[54] including the "Jab Molassi" (molasses devil) cover their bodies in oil from head to toe.[55][56]
  • Midnight Robber – A storytelling character who brags about himself and his valor.[57] The character and costume is influenced by West African dress and storytelling[58][59] as well as the American Wild West.[60] The character wears an oversized hat, which comes in different shapes and colors.[60]
  • Minstrels – A group of singers, often with instruments.[61][62] The singers would sometimes dress in whiteface, parodying the white American minstrels who dressed in blackface.[61][63][62]
  • Moko jumbie – A stilt dancer. The character is of African origin.[48] Originally the character wore a hat made of dried wild cucumbers, and the stilts were striped.[64]
  • Pierrot Grenade – A jester pretending to be a scholar.[65] The character is a paradoy of the Pierrot character, which was a character from the Carnival balls held by the French planter class in late 18th century Trinidad.[66] The Pierrot character was a well-dressed scholar who boasted about his knowledge.[66] The Pierrot Grenade's costume is made of scraps of cloth pieced together.[66][65]

References

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  1. ^ a b Green, Garth L.; Scher, Philip W. (2007-03-28). Trinidad Carnival: The Cultural Politics of a Transnational Festival. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-11672-7.
  2. ^ Doughty, Melissa (2023-06-21). "Band launches on the way". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  3. ^ "YUMA kicks off band launch season for Carnival 2024 | Loop Trinidad & Tobago". Loop News. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  4. ^ "Trinidad and Tobago Carnival | Trinidad Travel & Tourism". Visit Trinidad. Tourism Trinidad. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  5. ^ "The subversive power of calypso music". BBC News. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  6. ^ Espinet, Charles S.; Pitts, Harry (1944). Land of the Calypso: The Origin and Development of Trinidad's Folk Song. Guardian Commercial Printery.
  7. ^ a b "Traditional Carnival Characters". TNTIsland.com. Retrieved 2019-11-19.
  8. ^ "Traditional Mas Characters - Calinda or Kalenda (Stick Fighting)". National Carnival Commission of Trinidad and Tobago. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  9. ^ Guide, Forbes Travel. "Three Hot Carnival Celebrations To Hit In February (Besides Rio's)". Forbes. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  10. ^ a b c Chaitram, Samantha S. S. (2020-06-01). American Foreign Policy in the English-speaking Caribbean: From the Eighteenth to the Twenty-first Century. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-45986-4.
  11. ^ a b Brereton, Bridget (2002-06-06). Race Relations in Colonial Trinidad 1870-1900. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52313-4.
  12. ^ a b Sherwood, Marika (2012-07-26). Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa, and the African Diaspora. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-89113-7.
  13. ^ a b c ""Mama Dis is Mas"". National Library and Information System Authority. 15 December 2014. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  14. ^ Allahar, Anton (2002-03-01). Diasporic Identity: Myth, Culture, and the Politics of Home: A Special Issue of identity. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-135-58781-9.
  15. ^ Alleyne-Dettmers, Patricia Tamara (1995). "Political Dramas in the Jour Ouvert Parade in Trinidad Carnaval". Caribbean Studies. 28 (2): 326–338. ISSN 0008-6533. JSTOR 25613310.
  16. ^ "Jouvert: Carnival high times, from Trinidad to the diaspora". PAM - Pan African Music. 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2024-05-25.
  17. ^ a b La Rose, Michael (2019). ""The City Could Burn Down, We Jammin' Still!": The History and Tradition of Cultural Resistance in the Art, Music, Masquerade and Politics of the Caribbean Carnival: Caribbean Quarterly". Caribbean Quarterly. 65 (4): 491–512. doi:10.1080/00086495.2019.1682348.
  18. ^ Cowley, John (1998). Carnival, Canboulay and Calypso: Traditions in the Making. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65389-3.
  19. ^ "J'ouvert: Genesis Immersive Experience (booklet)" (PDF). City Lore. October 2022.
  20. ^ Riggio, Milla Cozart (2004-10-14). Carnival: Culture in Action – The Trinidad Experience. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-48780-6.
  21. ^ French creole influence on calypso music. YouTube. 2010-12-17. ISBN 9780313357978. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  22. ^ a b Winer, Lise (2009-01-16). Dictionary of the English/Creole of Trinidad & Tobago: On Historical Principles. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-7607-0.
  23. ^ Hogan, Patrick Colm (2000-01-27). Colonialism and Cultural Identity: Crises of Tradition in the Anglophone Literatures of India, Africa, and the Caribbean. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-4460-3.
  24. ^ "The West Indian colonies and emancipation". UK Parliament.
  25. ^ Hamilton-Davis, Ryan (2024-04-19). "Trinidad and Tobago to celebrate African Emancipation Day on August 1". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. Retrieved 2024-05-25.
  26. ^ La Rose, Michael (2019). ""The City Could Burn Down, We Jammin' Still!": The History and Tradition of Cultural Resistance in the Art, Music, Masquerade and Politics of the Caribbean Carnival: Caribbean Quarterly". Caribbean Quarterly. 65 (4): 491–512. doi:10.1080/00086495.2019.1682348.
  27. ^ La Rose, Michael (2019). ""The City Could Burn Down, We Jammin' Still!": The History and Tradition of Cultural Resistance in the Art, Music, Masquerade and Politics of the Caribbean Carnival: Caribbean Quarterly". Caribbean Quarterly. 65 (4): 491–512. doi:10.1080/00086495.2019.1682348.
  28. ^ "Canboulay Riots to head to San Fernando". National Carnival Commission of Trinidad and Tobago. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
  29. ^ Sogren, Michele, and Ruth J. Parsons. 2008. “Carnival Fete or Conflict?” Caribbean Journal of Social Work6/7 (December): 167–85.
  30. ^ a b "Submits Ordinance No. 1 of 1884: Peace Preservation. To empower the Governor to prohibit the public carrying of lighted torches at the Carnival, and for the preservation of the peace. Proclamation approved". UK National Archives. Jan 30, 1884.
  31. ^ "Immigration and the Political Economy of Home". publishing.cdlib.org. Retrieved 2024-05-25.
  32. ^ Onyebadi, Uche (2022-09-06). Political Messaging in Music and Entertainment Spaces across the Globe. Volume 1. Vernon Press. ISBN 978-1-64889-471-8.
  33. ^ a b Allsopp, R. (1996). Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage. Vol. 1. Kingston: Oxford University Press. p. 776. ISBN 0-198-66152-5.
  34. ^ "A J'Ouvert bacchanal". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. June 22, 2021. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  35. ^ Cowley, John (1998). Carnival, Canboulay and Calypso: Traditions in the Making. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65389-3.
  36. ^ La Rose, Michael (2019). ""The City Could Burn Down, We Jammin' Still!": The History and Tradition of Cultural Resistance in the Art, Music, Masquerade and Politics of the Caribbean Carnival: Caribbean Quarterly". Caribbean Quarterly. 65 (4): 491–512. doi:10.1080/00086495.2019.1682348.
  37. ^ "Trinidad and Tobago Carnival: A vibrant celebration of culture and tradition". Our History. 2023-01-20. Retrieved 2024-05-24.
  38. ^ "Sugar Mas 42 J'ouvert Attracts Thousands By by LK Hewlett". The St Kitts Nevis Observer. 2013-12-27. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
  39. ^ "8 of the best Caribbean carnivals". Travel. 2023-07-14. Retrieved 2024-05-24.
  40. ^ Magazine, Smithsonian. "Up Close at Trinidad's Carnival". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2024-05-24.
  41. ^ "Photo: Celebrating the start of Carnival in Trinidad". PBS NewsHour. 2017-02-28. Retrieved 2024-05-24.
  42. ^ Ehrenreich, Barbara (1 February 2009). "Up Close at Trinidad's Carnival". Smithsonian.com. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  43. ^ Riggio, Milla Cozart (2004-10-14). Carnival: Culture in Action – The Trinidad Experience. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-48780-6.
  44. ^ Sheriff, Nai-Whedai (2014). "J'ouvert Speaks to the Present" (PDF). Journal of Emerging Dance Scholarship. World Dance Alliance. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  45. ^ "Trinidad Carnival Dates (2009-2015)". Archived from the original on 2008-09-15.
  46. ^ "Carnival Dates to Year 2026 (2014-2026)". National Carnival Commission of Trinidad and Tobago. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
  47. ^ "[Updated] Covid19 Kills Carnival". 28 September 2020.
  48. ^ a b c Nicholls, Robert Wyndham (2012-09-14). The Jumbies' Playing Ground: Old World Influences on Afro-Creole Masquerades in the Eastern Caribbean. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-4968-0118-0.
  49. ^ "Traditional Mas Characters - Burrokeet". National Carnival Commission of Trinidad and Tobago. Retrieved 2024-06-15.
  50. ^ Roche, Raquel Vasquez La (2022-01-01). "Maria Nuitter Espinal: "We want to keep the tradition alive" | Own words". Caribbean Beat Magazine. Retrieved 2024-06-15.
  51. ^ "Caribbean festival performers enlisted in the COVID fight". United Nations. Retrieved 2024-06-15.
  52. ^ a b "Traditional Mas Characters - Dame Lorraine". National Carnival Commission of Trinidad and Tobago. Retrieved 2024-06-15.
  53. ^ Dechausay, Lucius. "Mas protest: How traditional Carnival was born out of resistance". CBC Radio Canada.
  54. ^ Green, Garth L.; Scher, Philip W. (2007-03-28). Trinidad Carnival: The Cultural Politics of a Transnational Festival. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-11672-7.
  55. ^ "Traditional Mas Characters - Jab Molassie". National Carnival Commission of Trinidad and Tobago. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  56. ^ "A Carnival Theme Rooted in our Traditions by Dr. Nicole Phillip". GroundationGrenada.com. 18 August 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  57. ^ Honoré, Brian (1998-01-01). "The Midnight Robber: Master of Metaphor, Baron of Bombast". TDR. 42 (3): 124–131. JSTOR 1146686.
  58. ^ "Midnight Robber Carnival Character". Traditional Mas Archive. Retrieved 2024-06-15.
  59. ^ "Carnival Characters". Trinidad Carnival Diary. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
  60. ^ a b "Traditional Mas Characters - Midnight Robber". National Carnival Commission of Trinidad and Tobago. Retrieved 2024-06-15.
  61. ^ a b "Traditional Mas Characters - Minstrels". www.ncctt.org. Retrieved 2024-06-15.
  62. ^ a b Riggio, Milla Cozart (2004). Carnival: Culture in Action : the Trinidad Experience. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-27128-8.
  63. ^ Hamilton-Davis, Ryan (2022-02-21). "Masqueraders keep old-time mas alive in traditional and conventional competition". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. Retrieved 2024-06-15.
  64. ^ John Mendes (2014). Côté ci Côté là. Port of Spain: Caribbean Print Technologies. p. 235. ISBN 978-976-8194-060.
  65. ^ a b "Traditional Mas Characters - Pierrot Grenade". National Carnival Commission of Trinidad and Tobago. Retrieved 2024-06-15.
  66. ^ a b c Kerrigan, Dylan (2005-01-01). "Creatures of the mas". Caribbean Beat Magazine. Retrieved 2024-06-15.
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