Transphobia in Norway
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Transphobia in Norway has evolved over time. Since the late 20th century and into the early 21st century, acceptance of transgender people has greatly increased. Norway has made significant progress in transgender rights, with strong support from political parties ranging from the most left-wing to the Conservative Party. In the 2020s, Norway has seen an increase in the anti-gender movement, from both gender critical radical feminist groups and the far right. Recently, hate crimes against transgender people have increased, and several anti-trans groups campaign against transgender people. The 2024 Extremism Commission's report cited sources that pointed to "the connections between radical feminism and Christian conservatism" in relation to anti-trans activism, noting that "these are groups and individuals who use violent and dehumanizing language and are also threatening and extremely active."[1]
History
[edit]In Norway transphobia has become less common over time as social acceptance of transgender people has greatly increased and as Norway has made significant progress in transgender rights, with strong support from political parties ranging from the most left-wing to the Conservatives.[citation needed] In the early 21st century anti-LGBTIQ+ activism focused on opposition to marriage equality for lesbian and gay couples, and was largely confined to the Christian right, who were a dwindling minority even in the Christian landscape as the Church of Norway also moved in a more inclusive direction.[citation needed]
Since around 2020 Norway has seen a resurgence of anti-LGBTIQ+ activism, focused on opposition to transgender people and their rights. This wave of transphobia has been linked to anti-gender movements.[2] In 2022 a terrorist attack targeted the Oslo LGBTQ pride event, which was hosted by the local branch of the Norwegian Organisation for Sexual and Gender Diversity. The head of the Norwegian government's Extremism Commission, Cathrine Thorleifsson, as well as Amnesty International, linked the attack to a pattern of increased attacks on LGBT+ people in Norway and Europe, both on extremist online forums and open social media platforms.[3] In 2024 the Extremism Commission's report highlighted anti-LGBTIQ+ extremism and also cited sources that pointed to "the connections between radical feminism and Christian conservatism" in relation to anti-trans activism, noting that "these are groups and individuals who use violent and dehumanizing language and are also threatening and extremely active."[1] Feminist scholars have described these anti-gender movements operating in the name of radical feminism in the Norwegian context as part of a "complex threat to democracy."[2] In 2023 the University of Bergen's Centre for Women's and Gender Research hosted its annual debate on international women's day, that focused on the anti-gender movements in Norway, where panelists highlighted how anti-gender actors had managed to get a foothold in the radical feminist milieu in Oslo and become anchored in the local 8 March committee.[4] In 2022 non-binary people were stripped of their voting rights at the parole meeting for the 8 March march in Oslo, leading to accusations of transphobia.[5] Gender studies scholar Janne Bromseth argued that "the anti-gender movement has (...) shifted boundaries in the public debate in Norway in recent years," resulting in "a harsher climate of debate where primarily organized TERFs have been given space to set the agenda for the 'debate on gender' and the alleged threat of 'gender ideology' to the natural order."[6] Far-right websites such as Document.no promote anti-trans views. Key anti-trans groups formed in the 2020s are the Norwegian branch of Women's Declaration International[2] and Kvinneaktivistene.[7] WDI has collaborated with far-right actors, and its spokespeople have appeared on both Document and Tucker Carlson Tonight.[8][9][10] Another group, Sigerdriva, promotes anti-LGBTIQ+ pseudoscience and is closely linked to WDI.[9]
Conspiracy theorist Kari Jaquesson, a member of the Women's Group Ottar, has stated publicly that she considers herself to be a trans-exclusionary radical feminist (TERF) and insisted that "a man can never become a woman."[11] Jaquesson has engaged in doxxing of trans women, publishing pre-transition photographs.[12] She has also accused individual trans people of being sexual predators.[13] Minister of Equality Linda Hofstad Helleland condemned Jaquesson's statements, stating that "trans people are subjected to hate, violence, and harassment."[14] Both Jaquesson and other Ottar members have promoted the false idea that trans people pose a threat e.g. in bathrooms.[15] Researchers have described such claims as baseless and part of a transphobic moral panic that is promoted primarily by the far right, and that harms both trans and cis women.[16][17][18][19] Ottar has also objected to the term "cisgender,"[20] which Rogers describes as a common theme in TERF discourse.[21]
Media
[edit]Media play a role in promoting transphobia and anti-gender narratives in Norway.[22] Gender studies scholar Janne Bromseth noted that "the radical left-wing newspaper Klassekampen has had regular columnists expressing transphobic views for a long time."[6]
The far-left and pro-Russian conspiracy theorist website Steigan.no promotes transphobia, as well as antisemitism and Russian propaganda. The secretary-general of the left-wing Red party Benedikte Pryneid Hansen said the party views Steigan as a platform of "onesided Russian war propaganda, conspiracy theories, racism and transphobia."[23] The far-right anti-Muslim website Document.no also promotes transphobia, often by promoting trans-exclusionary radical feminists and their narratives. For example, it published an hour-long interview with WDI's Tonje Gjevjon and Christina Ellingsen, hosted by Erling Marthinsen.[24] Marthinsen had previously been fired from far-right website Resett.no after expressing support for Anders Behring Breivik.[25]
Opposition to transphobia
[edit]Norway officially observes and supports the International Day Against Homophobia, Biphobia and Transphobia.[26] In 2023, 2611 feminists, including Norway's minister of equality, called for a reckoning with transphobia, stating that "for a long time, trans women who speak out publicly have been subjected to harassment and abuse, often by those who misuse lesbian identity and feminism to justify their transphobia."[27] The leader of the Workers' Youth League, Astrid Hoem, emphasized that the left must take responsibility and confront transphobia within their ranks,[28] while Alberte Bekkhus, the leader of the Red Youth, said "if the women's movement allows transphobes in disguise as feminists, at the expense of trans women, it is working against its own cause."[29] Feminists Anna-Sabina Soggiu and Susanne Demou criticized the radical feminist organizations for fostering "fabricated issues and threat scenarios" about transgender people.[30] The Norwegian Humanist Association has highlighted the "alarming unifying force of the increasing hatred and radicalization directed at transgender people" and promoted by self-identified radical feminists, conspiracy theorists, culture warriors, authoritarian men, Christian reactionaries, as well as the far right and far left.[31] The Socialist Left Party's program states that "the feminist struggle is based on solidarity and includes everyone. Homophobia and transphobia are threats to feminist liberation.[32]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b "NOU 2024: 3: Felles innsats mot ekstremisme". Government of Norway. 2024.
- ^ a b c Engebretsen, Elisabeth L. (2022). "Scientizing Gender? An Examination of Anti-Gender Campaigns on Social Media, Norway". In Eslen-Ziya, H.; Giorgi, A. (eds.). Populism and Science in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 185–206. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97535-7_9. ISBN 978-3-030-97534-0.
- ^ "Ekspert roper varsku: – Dessverre har det blitt mer vanlig at hets mot skeive blir bejublet". Nettavisen. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
- ^ "Korleis påverkar den globale anti-gender-rørsla forsking og aktivisme i Noreg?". University of Bergen Centre for Women's and Gender Research. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
- ^ "Opprør før kvinnedagen: Berre kvinner får stemme". NRK. 7 February 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
- ^ a b Bromseth, Janne (7 July 2022). "'Nu följer ilskan mot medias ansvarslöshet'". Ottar. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022.
- ^ "Mener arrangøren er transfobisk" [Organizer accused of being transphobic]. Subjekt. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
- ^ "Utløste ellevill redaktørkrangel". Dagbladet. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
- ^ a b Koch, Per. "Ulver i akademiske fåreklær". Forskningspolitikk. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
- ^ Koch, Per. "Antitrans-aktivistene ønsker seg respekt fra norsk akademia. Det er det ingen grunn til å gi dem". Khrono. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
- ^ Jaquesson, Kari (24 July 2018). "Mann kan ikke bli kvinne" [A man can never become a woman]. Dagbladet.
- ^ "Jaquesson delte privat bilde av transperson uten tillatelse: – Fy fader så nedrig". ABC Nyheter. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ "Transpersonen Eirik Elin Stillingen føler seg hengt ut som overgriper på Facebook av Kari Jaquesson". Dagbladet. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ "Helleland ut mot Jaquesson: - Transpersoner utsettes for hat, vold og trakassering". Nettavisen. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ "Det brenner på alle kanter i debatten rundt transpersoner". BT. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
- ^ "Baseless anti-trans claims fuel adoption of harmful laws – two criminologists explain". The Conversation. 5 June 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
- ^ "Anti-Trans Moral Panics Endanger All Young People". Scientific American. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
- ^ Amira Hasenbush, Andrew R. Flores & Jody L. Herman (2019). Gender Identity Nondiscrimination Laws in Public Accommodations: a Review of Evidence Regarding Safety and Privacy in Public Restrooms, Locker Rooms, and Changing Rooms. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, vol. 16, s. 70–83
- ^ Jones, Charlotte; Slater, Jen (2020). "The toilet debate: Stalling trans possibilities and defending 'women's protected spaces'". The Sociological Review. 68 (4): 834–851. doi:10.1177/0038026120934697.
- ^ Asta Beate Håland (30 July 2018). "Kvinne, ikke cis". Klassekampen – via Kvinnegruppa Ottar.
- ^ Rogers, Baker A. (2023). "TERFs aren't feminists: lesbians stand against trans exclusion". Journal of Lesbian Studies. 28 (1): 24–43. doi:10.1080/10894160.2023.2252286. PMID 37679960. S2CID 261608725.
- ^ "Slik skaper media mer trans- og homofobisk retorikk". M24. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
- ^ "Ikke alle liker at Moxnes tar oppgjør med Steigan.no". Aftenposten. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
- ^ "Doc-TV spesial: Intervju med Christina Ellingsen og Tonje Gjevjon". Document. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
- ^ "Resett bryter med journalist som brukte profilbilde fra Breiviks påståtte terrorgruppe". M24. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
- ^ "EU-erklæring om internasjonal dag mot homofobi og transfobi". Government of Norway. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
- ^ "2611 feminister mot transfobi". Blikk. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
- ^ "AUF-leder: Venstresiden må ta oppgjør med transhat". VG. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
- ^ "Transdebatten: – Transfobi hindrer kvinnekampen". VG. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
- ^ "– Er det virkelig hit vi har kommet i Oslos kvinnebevegelse?". Vårt Oslo. 26 January 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
- ^ ""Trans-trusselen": – Det er ikke de utsatte minoritetsgruppene som skal ta kampen". Norwegian Humanist Association. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
- ^ "Prinsipprogram". Socialist Left Party. 2023.