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Tourism in the United States

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Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom in Bay Lake, Florida is the most visited theme park in the world. In 2016, Orlando, Florida was the most visited destination in the United States, and continues to be one of the most visited destinations in the world.
The Grand Canyon of Arizona attracts approximately 4.41 million visitors annually.
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In the United States, tourism is a large industry that serves millions of international and domestic tourists yearly. Foreigners visit the U.S. to see natural wonders, cities, historic landmarks, and entertainment venues. Americans seek similar attractions, as well as recreation and vacation areas.

Tourism in the United States grew rapidly in the form of urban tourism during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. By the 1850s, tourism in the United States was well established both as a cultural activity and as an industry. New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., and San Francisco, all major U.S. cities, attracted numerous tourists since the 1890s. By 1915, city touring had marked significant shifts in the way Americans perceived, organized, and moved.

During the early 20th century, many more people started to travel, partly because of the spread of the automobile. Similarly air travel revolutionized travel during 1945–1969, contributing greatly to tourism in the United States. Purchases of travel and tourism-related goods and services by international visitors traveling in the United States totaled $10.9 billion during February 2013.[1]

The travel and tourism industries in the United States were among the first economic sectors negatively affected by the September 11 attacks.

In the U.S., tourism is among the three largest employers in 29 states, employing 7.3 million in 2004, to take care of 1.19 billion trips tourists took in the U.S. in 2005.[citation needed] As of 2007, there are 2,462 registered National Historic Landmarks (NHL) recognized by the United States government. As of 2018, New York City is the most visited destination in the United States, followed by Los Angeles, Orlando, Las Vegas, and Chicago.[citation needed]

Tourists spend more money in the United States than in any other country, but the United States attracts only the third-highest number of tourists, after France and Spain.[2][3] The discrepancy may be explained by longer stays in the US.[3]

19th century

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The rise of urban tourism in the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries represented a major cultural transformation concerning urban space and leisure natural activity and as an industry.[clarification needed] Package tours did not exist until the 1870s and 1880s, when entrepreneurs of various sorts from hotel keepers and agents for railroad lines to artists and writers recognized the profit to be gained from the prospering tourism industry.[4][5] The rise of locomotive steam-powered trains during the 1800s enabled tourists to travel more easily and quickly.[6]

In the United States, 2,800 miles (4,500 km) of rail track had been completed by 1840, by 1860 all major eastern US cities were linked by rail, and by 1869 the first trans-American railroad link was completed.[7] Yosemite Park was developed as a tourist attraction in the late 1850s and early 1860s for an audience who wanted a national icon and place to symbolize exotic wonder of its region.[4] Photography played an important role for the first time in the development of tourist attractions, making it possible to distribute hundreds of images showing various places of interest.[4]

New York City, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., and San Francisco were all attracting numerous tourists by the 1890s.[8] New York's population grew from 300,000 in 1840 to 800,000 in 1850.[9] Chicago experienced a dramatic increase from 4,000 residents in 1840 to 300,000 by 1870. Dictionaries first published the word 'tourist' sometime in 1800[citation needed][Do you mean the 19th century?], when it[clarification needed] referred to those going to Europe or making a round trip of natural wonders in New York and New England. There was not much urban tourism during the 19th century, perhaps because American cities lacked the architecture and art which attracted thousands to Europe. American cities tended to offend the sensitive with ugliness and commercialism rather than inspire awe or aesthetic pleasure.[10] Some tourists were fascinated by the rapid growth of the new urban areas: "It is an absorbing thing to watch the process of world-making; both the formation of the natural and the conventional world," wrote English writer Harriet Martineau in 1837.[11]

The Perkins School for the Blind in Watertown, Massachusetts was one of several institutions classed as tourist attractions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

As American cities developed, new institutions to accommodate and care for the insane, disabled and criminal were constructed. The Hartford, Connecticut American School for the Deaf opened in 1817, Ossining, New York state prison (now known as Sing Sing) in 1825, the Connecticut State Penitentiary at Wethersfield in 1827, Mount Auburn Cemetery in 1831, the Perkins School for the Blind in 1832, and the Worcester State Hospital in 1833.[12] These institutions attracted the curiosity of American and foreign visitors. The English writer and actress Fanny Kemble, an admirer of the American prison system, was also concerned that nature was being destroyed in favor of new developments. Guidebooks published in the 1830s, 40s and 50s described new prisons, asylums and institutions for the deaf and blind, and urged tourists to visit these sights.[13]

Accounts of these visits written by Charles Dickens, Harriet Martineau, Lydia Sigourney and Caroline Gilman were published in magazines and travel books.[13] Sigourney's Scenes in My Native Land (1845) included descriptions of her tour of Niagara Falls and other places of scenic interest with accounts of her visits to prisons and asylums.[13] Many visited these institutions because nothing like them had existed before.[14] The buildings which housed them were themselves monumental, often placed on hilltops as a symbol of accomplishment.[14]

Early tourism

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The Art Deco district of South Beach in Miami was developed during the 1930s.

By 1915, city touring had marked significant shifts in the way Americans perceived, organized and moved around in urban environments.[8] Urban tourism became a profitable industry in 1915 as the number of tour agencies, railroad passenger departments, guidebook publishers and travel writers grew at a fast pace.[8] The expense of pleasure tours between 1850 and 1915 meant that only a minority of Americans could experience the luxury of tourism.[8] Many Americans traveled to find work, but few found time for enjoyment of the urban environment. As transportation networks improved, the length of commuting decreased, and income rose.[8] A growing number of Americans were able to afford short vacations by 1915. Still, mass tourism was not possible until after World War II.[8]

During the 19th century, tourism of any form had been available only to the upper and middle classes. This changed during the early 20th century. In 1895, popular publications printed articles showing the car was cheaper to operate than the horse.[15] The development of automobiles in the early 1900s included the introduction of the Ford Model T in 1908. In 1900, 8,000 cars were registered in the US, but this had increased to 619,000 by 1911.[16] By the time of the Model T's introduction in 1908, there were 44 US households per car.[16] Early cars were a luxury for the wealthy, but after Ford began to dramatically drop prices after 1913, more were able to afford one.[17]

The development of hotels with leisure complexes had become popular in the U.S. during the 1930s.[18] The range of club type holidays available appealed to a broad segment of the holiday market.[18] As more families traveled independently by car, hotels failed to cater to their needs.[18] Kemmons Wilson opened the first motel as a new form of accommodation in Memphis, Tennessee in 1952.[18]

Although thousands of tourists visited Florida during the early 1900s, it was not until after World War II that the tourist industry quickly became Florida's largest source of income.[19] Florida's white sandy beaches, warm winter temperatures and wide range of activities such as swimming, fishing, boating and hiking all attracted tourists to the state. During the 1930s, architects designed Art Deco style buildings in Miami Beach.[20] Visitors are still attracted to the Art Deco district of Miami.[20] Theme parks were soon built across Florida. One of the largest resorts in the world, Walt Disney World Resort, was opened near Orlando, Florida in 1971.[21] In its first year, the 28,000-acre (110 km2) park added $14 billion to Orlando's economy.

Late 20th century

[edit]
The Douglas DC-4 was one of the first airliners used for U.S. commercial flights.

The revolution of air travel between 1945 and 1969 contributed greatly to tourism in the United States. In that quarter century, commercial aviation evolved from 28-passenger airliners flying at less than 200 mph (320 km/h) to 150-passenger jetliners cruising continents at 600 mph (970 km/h).[22] During this time, air travel in the U.S. evolved from a novelty into a routine for business travelers and vacationers alike. Rapid developments in aviation technology, economic prosperity in the United States and the demand for air travel all contributed to the early beginnings of commercial aviation in the US.[22]

During the first four decades of the 20th century, long-haul journeys between large American cities were accomplished using trains. By the 1950s, air travel was part of everyday life for many Americans.[22] This was also helped by the establishment of the Interstate Highway System as well as the reliance of automobiles of which Americans saw cars as their new personal found freedom and enjoyment. The tourism industry in the U.S. experienced exponential growth as tourists could travel almost anywhere with a fast, reliable and routine system.[22] For some, a vacation in Hawaii was now a more frequent pleasure. Air travel changed everything from family vacations to Major League Baseball, as had steam-powered trains in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.[22]

By the end of the twentieth century, tourism had significantly grown throughout the world. The World Tourism Organisation (WTO, 1998) recorded that, in 1950, arrivals of tourists from abroad, excluding same-day visits, numbered about 25.2 million.[23] By 1997, the figure was 612.8 million. In 1950 receipts from international movements were US$ 2.1 billion, in 1997 they were $443.7 billion.[23]

It was also during the late 20th century that individual states began to adopt their own tourism slogans, with the aim to increase both domestic and international visitors. Some of these slogans have become iconic to the state itself, such as Michigan's "Pure Michigan" campaign, New York's "I Love New York" merchandise, and Virginia's "Virginia is for Lovers" slogan. Other states adopted slogans based on civilian submissions, such as Pennsylvania holding the "Penn a Phrase" contest, in which the slogan "Pursue Your Happiness" was ultimately selected. Some slogans became the targets of campaigns to rename them launched by state residents, such as a failed 2013 campaign to change Kentucky's slogan from "Unbridled Spirit" to "Kentucky Kicks Ass".[24][25]

21st century

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The travel and tourism industry in the U.S. was among the first commercial casualties of the September 11 attacks, a series of terrorist attacks on the U.S. Terrorists used four commercial airliners as weapons of destruction, all of which were destroyed in the attacks on New York City, Washington, D.C., and in Pennsylvania with nearly 3,000 deaths.[26] In the first full week after flights resumed, passenger numbers fell by nearly 45 percent, from 9 million in the week before September 11 to 5 million.[26] Hotels and travel agencies received cancellations across the world. The hotel industry suffered an estimated $700 million loss in revenue during the four days following the attacks.[26] The situation recovered over the following months as the Federal Reserve kept the financial system afloat. The U.S. Congress issued a $5 billion grant to the nation's airlines and $10 billion in loan guarantees to keep them flying.[26]

In the U.S., tourism is either the first, second, or third largest employer in 29 states, employing 7.3 million in 2004, to take care of 1.19 billion trips tourists took in the U.S. in 2005.[27] The U.S. outbound holiday market is sensitive in the short term, but possibly one of the most surprising results from the September 11, 2001 attacks was that by February 2002 it had bounced back. This quick revival was generally quicker than many commentators had predicted only five months earlier.[28]

The United States economy began to slow significantly in 2007, mostly because of a real-estate slump, gas prices and related financial problems.[29] Many economists believe that the economy entered a recession at the end of 2007 or early in 2008.[29] Some state budgets for tourism marketing have decreased, such as Connecticut which is facing soaring gas prices.[30]

100 million tourists visited Florida in 2015, a record for the nation.[31]

Attractions

[edit]
Main article: Tourist attractions in the United States

There exist a broad range of tourist attractions in the United States such as amusement parks, festivals, gambling, golf courses, historical buildings and landmarks, hotels, museums, galleries, outdoor recreation, spas, restaurants and sports.[32]

Travel warnings

[edit]

In August 2019, after various mass shootings in the U.S., Amnesty International and some countries issued a travel warning.[33][34]

Visitor statistics

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Number of non-immigrant admissions for tourist and business purposes into the United States in 2017
  United States
  Over 2 million admissions
  Over 1 million admissions
  Over 500 thousand admissions
  Over 250 thousand admissions
  Over 100 thousand admissions
  Over 15 thousand admissions
  Under 15 thousand admissions

The highest numbers of non-immigrant admissions into the United States for tourists and for business purposes in were from the following countries:[35]

Country FY 2023 FY 2022 FY 2021 FY 2020 FY 2019 FY 2018 FY 2017 FY2016 FY2015 FY 2014
 Canada Increase 20,514,314 Increase 14,382,227 Decrease 2,529,022 Decrease 4,808,888 Decrease 20,720,068 Increase 21,475,152 Increase 20,493,214 Decrease 19,287,499 Decrease 20,699,152 Increase 23,013,691
 Mexico Increase 14,499,093 Increase 12,435,501 Increase 10,576,371 Decrease 6,808,656 Decrease 18,328,181 Increase 18,387,405 Decrease 17,788,008 Increase 18,990,585 Increase 18,374,224 Increase 17,069,821
 United Kingdom[note 1] Increase 3,897,534 Increase 3,466,107 Decrease 460,749 Decrease 730,032 Increase 4,779,997 Increase 4,659,178 Decrease 4,482,707 Increase 4,587,092 Decrease 4,915,379 Increase 4,165,429
 Germany Increase 1,838,481 Increase 1,481,008 Decrease 249,154 Decrease 293,967 Increase 2,063,767 Decrease 2,062,462 Increase 2,080,425 Decrease 2,046,288 Decrease 2,284,912 Increase 2,073,675
 India Increase 1,762,369 Increase 1,256,915 Increase 433,305 Decrease 335,990 Increase 1,473,517 Increase 1,378,035 Increase 1,285,466 Increase 1,206,771 Increase 1,147,693 Increase 985,667
 Brazil Increase 1,624,719 Increase 1,224,974 Decrease 239,336 Decrease 423,689 Decrease 2,104,617 Increase 2,209,372 Increase 1,912,447 Decrease 1,725,479 Increase 2,228,291 Increase 2,274,305
 South Korea Increase 1,600,400 Increase 919,796 Decrease 202,711 Decrease 439,286 Increase 2,298,279 Decrease 2,210,597 Increase 2,334,839 Increase 1,982,516 Increase 1,775,456 Increase 1,473,365
 France[note 2] Increase 1,592,934 Increase 1,317,882 Decrease 222,036 Decrease 297,785 Increase 1,843,782 Increase 1,767,461 Increase 1,667,506 Decrease 1,641,152 Increase 1,767,343 Increase 1,675,898
 Japan Increase 1,518,522 Increase 597,330 Decrease 121,519 Decrease 696,727 Increase 3,752,980 Decrease 3,493,313 Decrease 3,595,607 Decrease 3,603,786 Increase 3,792,997 Decrease 3,653,454
 China[note 3] Increase 1,078,056 Increase 368,111 Decrease 191,776 Decrease 378,080 Decrease 2,829,970 Decrease 2,991,813 Increase 3,173,915 Increase 3,049,942 Increase 2,628,570 Increase 2,224,787
 Italy Increase 976,952 Increase 717,593 Decrease 135,636 Decrease 140,547 Increase 1,086,026 Increase 1,073,383 Increase 1,032,107 Decrease 988,860 Increase 1,045,424 Increase 970,293
 Australia[note 4] Increase 954,481 Increase 641,772 Decrease 52,439 Decrease 208,707 Decrease 1,319,238 Increase 1,362,431 Decrease 1,323,703 Decrease 1,350,508 Increase 1,453,103 Increase 1,308,707
 Colombia Decrease 932,060 Decrease 943,819 Increase 1,063,659 Decrease 270,110 Increase 944,013 Increase 942,617 Decrease 841,931 Decrease 852,618 Decrease 861,907 Increase 891,709
 Spain Increase 825,790 Increase 773,421 Increase 182,458 Decrease 151,519 Increase 943,248 Increase 876,248 Increase 826,818 Increase 807,447 Increase 759,951 Increase 715,139
 Argentina Increase 596,155 Increase 524,841 Increase 301,794 Decrease 197,748 Decrease 854,442 Decrease 994,035 Increase 1,018,177 Increase 926,321 Increase 798,567 Decrease 692,446
 Netherlands[note 5] Increase 572,271 Increase 473,009 Increase 85,829 Increase 111,318 Increase 727,229 Decrease 725,283 Increase 700,872 Decrease 674,544 Decrease 728,596 Increase 645,480
Total (worldwide) Increase 66,481,888 Increase 50,770,685 Increase 22,280,100 Decrease 19,212,014 Decrease 79,441,595 Increase 79,745,918 Increase 77,186,746 Decrease 76,407,488 Increase 77,773,526 Increase 75,379,354

See also

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Notes

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Statistics include territories, as follows.

  1. ^ United Kingdom includes the United Kingdom, Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Isle of Man, Jersey, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, and Turks and Caicos Islands.
  2. ^ France includes France, French Guiana, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Reunion, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and Wallis and Futuna.
  3. ^ China includes Hong Kong, and Macau.
  4. ^ Australia includes Norfolk Island, Christmas Island, and Cocos (Keeling) Islands.
  5. ^ Netherlands includes the Netherlands, Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ INTERNATIONAL VISITORS SPEND $14.3 BILLION IN FEBRUARY 2013, UP 5 PERCENT FROM FEBRUARY 2012, April 15, 2013, archived from the original on September 15, 2015, retrieved April 19, 2013
  2. ^ "Spain posts record number of 82 million inbound tourists in 2017". 10 January 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018
  3. ^ a b "France learns to speak 'touriste'". Associated Press.
  4. ^ a b c Sears, John F. (1989), Sacred Places: American Tourist Attractions in the Nineteenth Century, University of Massachusetts Press, p. 123, ISBN 1-55849-162-7
  5. ^ "USA America Tourism - Guide for USA America Tourism". Retrieved January 2, 2023.
  6. ^ "Summer Travel" (PDF), The New York Times, July 19, 1868, retrieved October 22, 2013
  7. ^ Standeven, Joy; de Knop, Paul (1999), Sport Tourism, Human Kinetics, p. 20, ISBN 0-87322-853-7
  8. ^ a b c d e f Cocks, Catherine (2001), Doing the Town: The Rise of Urban Tourism in the United States, 1850–1915, University of California Press, pp. 6–7, ISBN 0-520-22746-8
  9. ^ Cocks 2001, pp. 6–7
  10. ^ Cocks 2001, p. 11
  11. ^ Sears, C.; Davis, T.; Guydish, J. (January 2002), "Effects of treatment history and centralized intake on drug treatment outcomes." (PDF), Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 34 (1): 87–95, doi:10.1080/02791072.2002.10399940, ISSN 0279-1072, PMID 12003118, S2CID 13446659
  12. ^ Sears 1989, p. 11
  13. ^ a b c Sears 1989, p. 89
  14. ^ a b Sears 1989, p. 90
  15. ^ Lay, M. G.; Vance, James E. (1992), Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles That Used Them, Rutgers University Press, p. 174, ISBN 0-8135-2691-4
  16. ^ a b Lay & Vance 1992, p. 170
  17. ^ Lay & Vance 1992, p. 180
  18. ^ a b c d Standeven & de Knop 1999, p. 31
  19. ^ Viele, John (1996), The Florida Keys: A History of the Pioneers, Pineapple Press, p. 135, ISBN 1-56164-101-4
  20. ^ a b Cerwinske, Laura; Kaminsky, David (1981), Tropical Deco: The Architecture and Design of Old Miami Beach, Rizzoli, ISBN 0-8478-0345-7
  21. ^ Grant, Kim; Penland, Paige R. (January 2003), Florida (3rd ed.), Lonely Planet Publications, p. 27, ISBN 1-74059-136-4
  22. ^ a b c d e Yenne, Bill (2005), Classic American Airliners, Zenith Imprint, p. 8, ISBN 0-7603-1931-6
  23. ^ a b Ryan, Chris (2003), Recreational tourism: Demand and Impacts, Channel View Publications, p. 18, ISBN 1-873150-56-3
  24. ^ "State Slogans: Advertising Slogans use by States". www.ereferencedesk.com. Retrieved June 28, 2023.
  25. ^ "Does Kentucky need a kick-ass makeover?". USA TODAY. Retrieved June 28, 2023.
  26. ^ a b c d Mak, James (2003), Tourism and the Economy: understanding the economics of tourism, University of Hawaii Press, p. 193, ISBN 0-8248-2789-9
  27. ^ Parks, Janet B.; Jerome, Quaterman; Lucie, Thibault (2007), Contemporary sport management, Human Kinetics, p. 142, ISBN 978-0-7360-6365-4
  28. ^ Ryan 2003, p. 28
  29. ^ a b Leonhardt, David (2008), "United States Economy", The New York Times, retrieved May 19, 2008
  30. ^ Levy, Harlan J. (May 18, 2008), "Trying to Sell Europeans stuff", The New York Times, retrieved May 19, 2008
  31. ^ Day, Ashley (March 6, 2016). "Florida shines brightly in spring". USA Today/Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 3U. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  32. ^ Team, Editorial (October 28, 2019). "The Ultimate USA Bucket List-49 Places To Visit In USA". alpha ragas. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  33. ^ Folley, Aris (2019), "Amnesty International issues US travel warning citing 'rampant gun violence'", The Hill, retrieved August 8, 2019
  34. ^ Livni, Ephrat (2019), "Mass shootings in the US are prompting some countries to issue travel warnings", QZ, retrieved August 8, 2019
  35. ^ "International Visitor Arrivals Program - ADIS I-94". www.trade.gov. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
  36. ^ Statistical Yearbook. U.S. Department of Commerce (2017-12-29). Retrieved on 2019-08-27.
  37. ^ Visitor Arrival Statistics. Guam Visitors Bureau (2019)
  38. ^ Central Statistics Division (CSD). CNMI Department of Commerce. Northern Mariana Islands
[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for United States of America.
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