Topic marker
A topic marker is a grammatical particle used to mark the topic of a sentence. It is found in Japanese, Korean, Kurdish, Quechua, Ryukyuan, Imonda and, to a limited extent, Classical Chinese. It often overlaps with the subject of a sentence, causing confusion for learners, as most other languages lack it. It differs from a subject in that it puts more emphasis on the item and can be used with words in other roles as well.
Korean: 은/는
[edit]The topic marker is one of many Korean particles. It comes in two varieties based on its phonetic environment: 은 (eun) is used after words that end in a consonant, and 는 (neun) is used after words that end in a vowel.
Example
[edit]In the following example, "school" (Korean: 학교; Hanja: 學校; RR: hakkyo) is the subject, and it is marked as the topic.
학교
hakkyo
school
는
neun
TOP
저기
jeogi
over there
에
e
LOC
있다.
itta.
is
(The) school is over there.
Japanese: は
[edit]The topic marker is one of many Japanese particles. It is written with the hiragana は, which is normally pronounced ha, but when used as a particle is pronounced wa. If what is to be the topic would have had が (ga), the subject marker, or を ((w)o), the direct object marker, as its particle, those are replaced by は. Other particles (for example: に, と, or で) are not replaced, and は is placed after them.
The English phrase "as for" is often used to convey the connotation of は, although in many cases this sounds unnatural when used in English. It does, however, convey some senses of the particle, one of which is to mark changing topics. If a person were speaking about someone else and then switched to referring to themselves, they should say 私は (watashi wa; "as for me..."). After that, it would not be necessary to mention again that the person is talking about themselves.
Examples
[edit]In the following example, "car" (車, kuruma) is the subject, and it is marked as the topic. The が that would normally be there to mark the subject has been replaced by は. The topic normally goes at the beginning of the clause.
車
kuruma
car
は
wa
TOP
新しい
atarashii
new
です。
desu.
[masu form of だ: copula]
(The) car is new.
In the following example, "television" (テレビ, terebi) is the direct object, and it is marked as the topic. The を that would normally be there to mark the direct object has been replaced by は. The subject, marked by が, is "child" (子供, kodomo). As before, the topic goes at the beginning of the clause.
テレビ
terebi
television
は
wa
TOP
子供
kodomo
child
が
ga
SBJ
見ます。
mimasu.
[masu form of "to watch"]
As for the TV, the child watches (it).
In this third example, "today" (今日, kyou) is used adverbially, and it is marked as the topic. Normally there would be no particle marking it as an adverb, and so は is simply added without replacing any particle. The subject, which is omitted, is assumed to be "I" (私, watashi). If it were made explicit, it would be marked by が. As before, the topic goes at the beginning of the clause.
今日
Kyou
Today
は
wa
TOP
学校
gakkou
school
に
ni
IO
行きます。
ikimasu.
[masu form of "to go"]
As for today, (I) go to school.
Okinawan: や
[edit]Okinawan uses the topic marker や (ya). If the topic is not a proper noun or ends with a short vowel, it tends to merge creating long vowels such as wan ya to wannee ("I am").
Example
[edit]あんまー
anmaa
mother
や
ya
TOP
ちゅらさん.
churasan.
beautiful
Mother is beautiful.
Kurdish
[edit]In multiple Kurdish and related languages there are certain fixes that signify emphasis and also the present continuous tense. These may give the sense of "also, too" both by the sentence structure and dialect. It is mostly translatable to English.
In Northern Kurdish and Zazaki, ezafe markers can function both as present continuous suffixes and be used for emphasis or statements in contrary. It can be used in all tenses. This has developed from sentences where the subject is denoted to be the ... one for example: Em d kêm in u Xuedê ê temam e. (lit. We are lacking and God is the complete one. (=ê temam)). The ê is the topic marker in this comparison.
Examples
[edit]ez
I
ê/a
TOP
d
PRES
bêj-m.
say.1SG.
I am saying. / I am saying, I do say, I say. / I say too.
šma
You.plural
ê
TOP
aue
water
šm-en-ên.
drink.PRES.2PL.
You are drinking water. / You are drinking water, You do drink water, You drink water. / You drink water too.
In Central and Southern Kurdish and certain other dialects, the "e" prefix is used to signify the same senses mentioned previously. It originally denotes a meaning close to English "right" as in "right here, right now" etc. (Sorani e êre, e êsta) but when it is put before nouns it emphasizes them and attracts the accent. It is equivalent to Northern Kurdish "a", as in a vêrê, a nha (right here, right now) which dialectally can also be used as used in Sorani.
Examples
[edit]e
TOP
mn
I
le-gel
with
de
PRES
dum.
talk.1SG.
I am talking to him/her. / I am talking to him, I do talk to him, I talk to him. / I talk to him too.
e
TOP
to
thou
ire
here
če
what
ke-i?
do-2SG.
What are you doing here? / What are you doing here, What do you do in here, What are you doing here? .
Classical Chinese: 者
[edit]者 (zhě) is used sporadically in Classical Chinese and only when an author wants to emphasize the topic. 者 is usually omitted, unlike in other languages where a topic marker is generally required. Note that although 者 can be used as a suffix attached to a verb or adjective, transforming the verb or adjective into a noun, as a topic marker, its grammatical function is fundamentally different from that of a suffix and therefore cannot be viewed as a suffix.
As an example, consider the sentence "陳勝者，陽城人也" (Chénshèng zhě, yángchéng rén yě), a famous sentence from the Records of the Grand Historian:
- Literal translation: Chen Sheng is a Yangcheng person.
- Semantic translation: Chen Sheng is from Yangcheng originally.
- Word for word explanation:
- 陳勝: name of a 3rd-century B.C. rebel.
- 者: Topic marker.
- 陽城: name of a town.
- 人: person.
- 也: Is. (也 means is, am, or are when used in conjunction with 者; it can mean other things when used independently.)
Note that 者, as well as the sentence of "陳勝者，陽城人也", is romanized here according to modern Mandarin pronunciations. It is unclear how 者 and the entire sentence would have been pronounced 2,000 years ago (and what the proper romanization should have been).
Example
[edit]陳勝
Chénshèng
[person name]
者
zhě
TOP
陽城
Yángchéng
[town name]
人
rén
person
也。
yě.
is
Chen Sheng is a Yangcheng person.
<Chen Sheng is from Yangcheng originally.>
In modern Chinese, topic markers have been completely lost and are not used anywhere. For example,
陳勝
Chénshèng
[person name]
(是)
(shì)
(is)
陽城
yángchéng
[town name]
人。
rén.
person
Chen Sheng (is) a Yangcheng person.
<Chen Sheng is from Yangcheng originally.>
Note: 是 can be omitted in some occasions.
Quechua: -qa
[edit]The enclitic "-qa" is the topic marker for many Quechua languages. It can occur on nouns, pronouns and adverbs.
Example
[edit]In the following example, Tupaq is the subject, and it is marked as the topic. The evidential suffixe -mi marks the theme. Both suffixes are often used for non-verbal attributive predication in the third person. The topic normally goes at the beginning of the clause.
Tupaq
[person name]
-qa
TOP
hatun
big
runa
person
-m.
is
Tupaq is a big person.
Mongolian: бол, болбол
[edit]The Mongolian language is known to have topic markers. A common one is "бол" (bol; in the traditional script: ᠪᠣᠯ), an abbreviation of "болбол" (bolbol; in the traditional script: ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠯ), but there are a few other words. These words have other uses as well.
Turkic languages
[edit]In Kazakh language болсақ (bolsaq) is used as a topic marker; which can also mean "if it be". Although other Turkic languages use words or suffixes which originally have different meanings as topic markers, the Turkmen language has the unique suffix -ä for this purpose while other suffixes keep only their literal meanings. Azerbaijani uses isə/-sə -which means "as for"- as a topic marker. Turkish like Azerbaijani uses -ise/-se.
Examples
[edit]әке-м
father-GEN.1SG
болса,
TOP
көп
a.lot
ішеді.
drinks.
As for my father, he drinks a lot.
jeren
Jeren
ä
TOP
heniz
still
hem
hasn't
gelmändir.
come.
Jeren hasn't come yet.
mən
I
isə
am.TOP
günahkaram.
sinner.
As for me, I have committed a sin.
ben
I
ise
TOP
ev-de
home-LOC
kaldım.
stayed.
As for me, I stayed at home.