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Tofieldia

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Tofieldia
Tofieldia pusilla
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Tofieldiaceae
Genus: Tofieldia
Huds.
Type species
Tofieldia palustris [1]
Huds.
Synonyms[2]
  • Cymba Dulac
  • Asphodeliris Möhring ex Kuntze
  • Narthecium Gérard 1761, rejected name, not Huds. 1762 (Nartheciaceae)
  • Heriteria Schrank
  • Hebelia C.C.Gmel.
  • Conradia Raf.
  • Leptilix Raf.

Tofieldia is a small genus of flowering plants described as a genus in 1778.[3][4] It is widespread across much of Europe, Asia, and North America.[2][5][6][7]

Tofieldia was once placed in the lily family, but is now generally included in the newer family Tofieldiaceae. The genus sometimes includes species of genus Triantha. Tofieldia are rhizomatous perennial herbs with spikes or racemes of lily-like flowers.

The name Tofieldia commemorates the British botanist Thomas Tofield.[5]

Description

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Green glabrous perennials from short creeping rhizomes; leaves mostly radical, 2-ranked, laterally flattened, linear; scapes slender, few-leaved or naked; racemes sometimes spikelike, the flowers small, on short pedicels, in axils of bracts, solitary or in 3’s, bracteolate; tepals 6, persistent, linear-oblong to oblanceolate, white, greenish, or brownish red; stamens 6, the filaments linear-subulate, the anthers ovate, introrse, 2-locular; ovary superior, sessile, ovoid, 3-lobed at apex, the ovules numerous; styles short, the stigma introrse; capsules septicidal, 3-locular, the seeds small, narrowly oblong, caudate at one end or without appendage. About 20 species, in the temperate and northern regions of the N. Hemisphere.[8]

Species[2]

Use in systems of traditional medicine

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At least three species of Tofieldia have been used in traditional medicine:

  • T. pusilla was used in Scotland to treat a variety of ailments, including skin conditions, respiratory problems, and digestive issues. The plant's roots have been used to make a tea believed to have a soothing effect on the stomach and intestines.[9]
  • T. thibetica is one of the frequently-used ingredients in poly-herbal alcoholic extracts used topically to treat herpes, shingles, wounds, and snake bites. by the Naxi people of the Hengduan Mountains of Northwestern Yunnan.[10] This species has also been recorded (under the older synonym of T. iridacea Franch.) as one the medicinal plants of Mount Emei (in Sichuan) : a decoction of the plant has been used locally as an emmenagogue and a remedy for leukorrhea, although it is not used in mainstream Chinese medicine.[11]

Use in folk magic

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In Scotland, the species T. pusilla (under the honorific common name of "King's Knot") was formerly believed to have apotropaic powers. For this reason, it was often deliberately planted near homes and farms to ward off evil spirits and bring good luck.[9]

Ornamental use

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The European T. calyculata and the American species formerly known as T. racemosa (now correctly known as Triantha racemosa) have both occasionally been cultivated as ornamentals, while T. pusilla has been deemed too small and easily overlooked to have any garden value.[12]

Toxicity when raw

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The acridity and potential toxicity of Tofieldia spp., when raw, may be accounted for by the fact that the genus, like other basal monocots (including, most notably, the related plant family Araceae[13]) contains calcium oxalate crystals, present, in the case of Tofieldia, arranged in druses and as cuboidal crystals, rather than the raphides more usual in the Araceae.[14] In this connection, it may be noted that the species T. pusilla, when used in Scottish traditional medicine is prepared as a herbal tea[9] and thus subjected to both heat and steeping - both of which are used in the preparation of calcium oxalate-containing plants for food, as a means of eliminating the irritating oxalate crystals - most notably in the case of the popular tropical vegetable taro.[15]

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  • T. calyculata, "German asphodel"
    T. calyculata, "German asphodel"
  • T. coccinea flowering in Japan
    T. coccinea flowering in Japan
  • T. furusei
    T. furusei
  • T. nuda cv. 'Kurokami'
    T. nuda cv. 'Kurokami'
  • T. okuboi flowering in Japan
    T. okuboi flowering in Japan

References

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  1. ^ Le Roy Abrams & Roxana Stinchfield Ferris (1923). Ophioglossaceae to Aristolochiaceae, ferns to birthworts. Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States. Vol. 1. Stanford University Press. p. 372. ISBN 9780804700030.
  2. ^ a b c "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". apps.kew.org. Retrieved 2017-02-02.
  3. ^ Hudson, William. 1778. Flora Anglica, Editio Altera 157("175").
  4. ^ "Tropicos | Name - !Tofieldia Huds". www.tropicos.org. Retrieved 2017-02-02.
  5. ^ a b "Tofieldia in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2017-02-02.
  6. ^ "Tofieldia in Flora of China @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2017-02-02.
  7. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Tofieldia includes photos and European distribution maps
  8. ^ Ohwi, Jisaburo, National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan, Flora of Japan (in English) pub. Smithsonian Institution Washington DC 1965. Section: Family 52. LILIACEAE Yuri Ka pps. 279-311, genus Tofieldia pps. 281 & 283.
  9. ^ a b c Wild Flower Web http://www.wildflowerweb.co.uk/plant/2386/scottish-asphodel Retrieved at 11.04 on Monday 8/1/24.
  10. ^ Zhao, Yanqiang; Yang, Zexing; Lang, Bayi; Wu Meng, Manfred Shao; Xue, Dayuan; Gao, Lu; Yang, Lixin (12 January 2021). "Skincare plants of the Naxi of NW Yunnan, China". Plant Diversity. 42 (6): 473–478. doi:10.1016/j.pld.2020.12.005. PMC 8553254. PMID 34746526.
  11. ^ Perry, Lily M. assisted by Metzger, Judith Medicinal Plants of East and Southeast Asia, pub. The MIT Press 1980 ISBN 0 262 16076 5, page 242 (in list of lesser-known plants classified under the catch-all of Liliaceae sensu lato).
  12. ^ The Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening ed. Chittenden, Fred J., 2nd edition, by Synge, Patrick M. Volume IV : Pt.-Zy. Pub. Oxford at the Clarendon Press 1965. Reprinted 1984. ISBN 0-19-869106-8, page 2121.
  13. ^ Watson, John T.; Jones, Roderick C.; Siston, Alicia M.; Diaz, Pamela S.; Gerber, Susan I.; Crowe, John B.; Satzger, R. Duane (2005). "Outbreak of Food-borne Illness Associated with Plant Material Containing Raphides". Clinical Toxicology. 43 (1): 17–21. doi:10.1081/CLT-44721. PMID 15732442. S2CID 388923.
  14. ^ Kolosova, Valeria; Svanberg, Ingvar; Kalle, Raivo; Strecker, Lisa; Özkan, Ayşe Mine Gençler; Pieroni, Andrea; Cianfaglione, Kevin; Molnár, Zsolt; Papp, Nora; Łuczaj, Łukasz; Dimitrova, Dessislava; Šeškauskaitė, Daiva; Roper, Jonathan; Hajdari, Avni; Sõukand, Renata (21 February 2017). "The bear in Eurasian plant names: motivations and models". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 13 (1): 14. doi:10.1186/s13002-016-0132-9. PMC 5320662. PMID 28222790.
  15. ^ The Morton Arboretum Quarterly, Morton Arboretum/University of California, 1965, p. 36.
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