Todea barbara

King fern
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Division:	Polypodiophyta
Class:	Polypodiopsida
Order:	Osmundales
Family:	Osmundaceae
Genus:	Todea
Species:	T. barbara
Binomial name
	Todea barbara; (L.) T.Moore
	Occurrence data from GBIF
Synonyms
	Todea rivularis Kunze

Todea barbara is known as the king fern. Occurring in moist areas of south eastern Australia, and also indigenous to New Zealand and South Africa.

Taxonomy

Carl Linnaeus described the king fern in volume II of his Species Plantarum as Acrostichum barbarum in 1753,^[1] from Africa. Thomas Moore gave it its current name in 1857.^[2]

Description

The king fern grows up to 3 metres (10 ft) tall, but has a short stumpy base.^[3] The fronds are up to 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) long.^[4]

Distribution and habitat

The king fern grows alongside streams, in rainforest gullies and other wet spots in tall open forest. Occasionally it is found in drier sites in rock crevices among sandstone or granite cliffs or rockfaces.^[5]

.

In South Australia, the Todea barbara fern is increasingly rare, with small groups occurring in just a few disparate localities in the Mount Lofty Ranges.

The largest remaining stand was in Uraidla on private property, on the upper reaches of "Deep Creek", a tributary to Sixth Creek in the Torrens Catchment. In the 1970s, many ancient two metre tall fern trunks were removed by a plant poacher at night, possibly under the mistaken belief that they were tree ferns, which can transplant readily. Mature king ferns do not. There are a few remnants in this gully today and some local native plant specialists have propagated plants from spores from this site, which may be grown in the home garden or planted along creek edges.

In New Zealand, the king fern is restricted to Northland, where it is found from North Cape to Whangarei and Kai Iwi Lakes, and Three Kings Islands.^[6]

Cultivation

The Australian native plant industry has propagated many from spores. They can be readily acquired through nurseries as an ornamental plant for gardens and natural landscaping. Most of these will be of Victorian or NSW origin.

The king fern grows readily in gardens in temperate or subtropical climates. It prefers a spot in moist acidic soil in shade or dappled shade, though can grow in sunnier locations as long as it is watered often.^[7]

References

^ Linnaeus C (1753). "Tomus II". Species Plantarum (in Latin). Vol. 2. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. p. 1072.
^ Moore, Thomas (1857). Index filicum: a synopsis, with characters, of the genera, and an enumeration of the species of ferns, with synonymes, references, &c., &c. London, United Kingdom: W. Pamplin. p. 119.
^ Peter G. Wilson. "Todea barbara". PlantNET - New South Wales Flora Online. Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney Australia. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
^ "Todea barbara". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.
^ Benson, Doug; McDougall, Lyn (1993). "Ecology of Sydney Plant Species Part 1: Ferns, fern-allies, cycads, conifers and dicotyledon families Acanthaceae to Asclepiadaceae" (PDF). Cunninghamia. 3 (2): 257–422 [316]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-13.
^ P.J. Brownsey & L. R. Perrie (2014). "Todea barbara". Flora of New Zealand. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
^ Elliot, Rodger W.; Jones, David L.; Blake, Trevor (2010). Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Volume 9 – Sp-Z. Port Melbourne: Lothian Press. pp. 300–01. ISBN 978-0-7344-0974-4.

[1] Linnaeus C (1753). "Tomus II". Species Plantarum (in Latin). Vol. 2. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. p. 1072.

[2] Moore, Thomas (1857). Index filicum: a synopsis, with characters, of the genera, and an enumeration of the species of ferns, with synonymes, references, &c., &c. London, United Kingdom: W. Pamplin. p. 119.

[NSW-3] Peter G. Wilson. "Todea barbara". PlantNET - New South Wales Flora Online. Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney Australia. Retrieved 5 March 2016.

[FoA-4] "Todea barbara". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.

[Benson93-5] Benson, Doug; McDougall, Lyn (1993). "Ecology of Sydney Plant Species Part 1: Ferns, fern-allies, cycads, conifers and dicotyledon families Acanthaceae to Asclepiadaceae" (PDF). Cunninghamia. 3 (2): 257–422 [316]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-13.

[6] P.J. Brownsey & L. R. Perrie (2014). "Todea barbara". Flora of New Zealand. Retrieved 5 March 2016.

[EJ10-7] Elliot, Rodger W.; Jones, David L.; Blake, Trevor (2010). Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Volume 9 – Sp-Z. Port Melbourne: Lothian Press. pp. 300–01. ISBN 978-0-7344-0974-4.

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