Jump to content

Timeline of historic inventions: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
m Reverted edits by 207.160.172.253 to last revision by Mindmatrix (HG)
Line 508: Line 508:
* [[Arquebus]] in [[History of Europe|Europe]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}
* [[Arquebus]] in [[History of Europe|Europe]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}
* [[Rifle]] in [[History of Europe|Europe]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}
* [[Rifle]] in [[History of Europe|Europe]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}


everyone who uses wikipedia can suck my giant dick


===16th century===
===16th century===

Revision as of 15:54, 28 April 2010

The timeline of historic inventions is a chronological list of particularly important or significant technological inventions.

Note: Dates for inventions are often controversial. Inventions are often invented by several inventors around the same time, or may be invented in an impractical form many years before another inventor improves the invention into a more practical form. Where there is ambiguity, the date of the first known working version of the invention is used here.

Paleolithic era

Note that dates in the Paleolithic are especially uncertain and often change, usually to an earlier date.

Antiquity

10th millennium BCE

9th millennium BCE

8th millennium BCE

7th millennium BCE

6th millennium BCE

5th millennium BCE

4th millennium BCE

3rd millennium BCE

2nd millennium BCE

1st millennium BCE

1st millennium CE

1st-5th centuries

6th-8th centuries

9th-10th centuries

2nd millennium

11th century

12th century

13th century

14th century

15th century


everyone who uses wikipedia can suck my giant dick

16th century

17th century

18th century

19th century

1800s

1810s

1820s

1830s

1840s

1850s

1860s

1870s

1880s

1890s

20th century

1900s

1910s

1920s

1930s

1940s

1950s

1960s

noobs

1970s

1980s

1990s

3rd millennium

21st century

2000s

2010s

Notes

  1. ^ Hadfield, Peter, Gimme Shelter
  2. ^ Gibbons, Ann (June 15, 2007). "Food for Thought: Did the first cooked meals help fuel the dramatic evolutionary expansion of the human brain?" (PDF). Science. 316 (5831): 1558–1560. doi:10.1126/science.316.5831.1558. PMID 17569838.
  3. ^ Earliest evidence of art found
  4. ^ Kouwenhoven, Arlette P., World's Oldest Spears
  5. ^ Evolving in their graves: early burials hold clues to human origins
  6. ^ Jennifer Viegas (31 March 2008). "Early Weapon Evidence Reveals Bloody Past". Discovery News.
  7. ^ Neanderthal Bone Flute?, Cognitive Cultural Studies, UCLA. Accessed on line August 26, 2009.
  8. ^ Swaziland Natural Trust Commission, "Cultural Resources - Malolotja Archaeology, Lion Cavern," Retrieved March 10, 2010, [1]
  9. ^ [Migration in world history, p. 33], Patrick Manning]
  10. ^ Balter M. (2009). Clothes Make the (Hu) Man. Science,325(5946):1329.doi:10.1126/science.325_1329a
  11. ^ Kvavadze E, Bar-Yosef O, Belfer-Cohen A, Boaretto E,Jakeli N, Matskevich Z, Meshveliani T. (2009).30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers. Science, 325(5946):1359. doi:10.1126/science.1175404 Supporting Online Material
  12. ^ 'Oldest musical instrument' found, Pallab Ghosh, BBC News, June 25, 2009. Accessed on line August 26, 2009.
  13. ^ Small, Meredith F. (April 2002), "String theory: the tradition of spinning raw fibers dates back 28,000 years. (At The Museum).", Natural History, 111.3: 14(2)
  14. ^ J.C. Turner and P. van de Griend (ed.), The History and Science of Knots (Singapore: World Scientific, 1996), 14.
  15. ^ Stone age man used dentist drill. BBC News.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Encyclopædia Britannica's Great Inventions, Encyclopædia Britannica
  17. ^ Kulke, Hermann & Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). A History of India. Routledge. 22. ISBN 0-415-32920-5.
  18. ^ Henderson, Mark (2007-12-24). "Dashing Finns were first to get their skates on 5,000 years ago". London: The Times. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
  19. ^ Carter, Robert "Boat remains and maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the sixth and fifth millennia BC"Antiquity Volume 80 No.307 March 2006 [2]
  20. ^ Thornton C, P, Lamberg-Karlovsky C, C, Liezers, M and Young, S. M. M. 2002. On pins and needles: tracing the evolution of copper-based alloying at Tepe Yahya, Iran, via ICP-MS analysis of Common-place items. Journal of Archaeological Science, 29,1451–1460.
  21. ^ Rodda & Ubertini (2004), The Basis of Civilization--water Science?, p. 161, International Association of Hydrological Science, ISBN 1-901502-57-0
  22. ^ a b c d e Teresi, Dick; et al. (2002), Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science--from the Babylonians to the Maya, pp. 351–2, New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-684-83718-8
  23. ^ Kryss Katsiavriades and Talaat Qureshi, Inventions - 3000 BCE to 2000 BCE.
  24. ^ Ghosh, Massey, and Banerjee, page 14
  25. ^ a b Dales (1974)
  26. ^ Rao, S. R. (1985), Lothal, pp. 27–8, Archaeological Survey of India
  27. ^ Whitelaw, page 14
  28. ^ "Games and Amusement: Dice". Encyclopedia of Indian Archaeology edited by A. Ghosh (1990), 1: 178-179, Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 90-04-09264-1
  29. ^ Bhardwaj, H.C. & Jain, K.K., "Indian Dyes and Industry During 18th-19th Century", Indian Journal of History of Science, 17 (11): 70-81, New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy.
  30. ^ Keay, John (2001), India: A History, 13-14, Grove Press, ISBN 0-8021-3797-0.
  31. ^ A World of Glass
  32. ^ Needham (1986), volume 6 part 5 105-106
  33. ^ a b Zaheer Baber (1996), The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India, p. 23, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-7914-2919-9
  34. ^ p. 291, §15.2, Understanding materials science: history, properties, applications, Rolf E. Hummel, 2nd ed., Springer, 2004, ISBN 0-387-20939-5.
  35. ^ Thrusfield, page 2
  36. ^ Alter, page 88
  37. ^ a b History of Ondol
  38. ^ Koppel (2007), page 217
  39. ^ Dimitrakoudis, P. Papaspyrou, V. Petoussis, X. Moussas: “Archaic artifacts resembling celestial spheres”
  40. ^ Inventions 1000 BCE to 1 BCE
  41. ^ Ancient Greek Inventions
  42. ^ Finger (2001), page 66
  43. ^ Chamberlin (2007), page 80
  44. ^ Lynn Townsend White, Jr. (April 1960). "Tibet, India, and Malaya as Sources of Western Medieval Technology", The American Historical Review 65 (3), p. 516.
  45. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 319–323.
  46. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica (2008), "Linguistics"
  47. ^ Stone-Hurling Catapult, Greece, 400 BCE
  48. ^ a b c Joseph Needham (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2, p. 361. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
  49. ^ Srinivasan & Ranganathan
  50. ^ Juleff 1996
  51. ^ Ancient Roman Inventions
  52. ^ MSN Encarta (2007), Diamond
  53. ^ Lewis, Michael (2000), "Theoretical Hydraulics, Automata, and Water Clocks", in Wikander, Örjan (ed.), Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, vol. 2, Leiden, pp. 343–369 (356f.), ISBN 90-04-11123-9{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  54. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica (2008), "cashmere"
  55. ^ a b Encyclopedia Britannica (2008), "Pagoda"
  56. ^ Roman Inventions
  57. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 263–267.
  58. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 70–71.
  59. ^ a b c d Surgical Instruments from Ancient Rome
  60. ^ Roman period surgery set on show, BBC
  61. ^ a b Lynn Townsend White, Jr. (April 1960). "Tibet, India, and Malaya as Sources of Western Medieval Technology", The American Historical Review 65 (3), p. 521.
  62. ^ Kriger, Colleen E. & Connah, Graham (2006), Cloth in West African History, p. 120, Rowman Altamira, ISBN 0-7591-0422-0
  63. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica (2008), "jute"
  64. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 3, 649–650.
  65. ^ Casson 1995, pp. 243–245
  66. ^ Casson 1954
  67. ^ White 1978, p. 255
  68. ^ Campbell 1995, pp. 8–11
  69. ^ Basch 2001, p. 63-64
  70. ^ Makris 2002, p. 96
  71. ^ Friedman & Zoroglu 2006, pp. 113–114
  72. ^ Pryor & Jeffreys 2006, pp. 153–161
  73. ^ Castro et al. 2008, pp. 1–2
  74. ^ Whitewright 2009
  75. ^ Zaheer Baber (1996), The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India, p. 57, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-7914-2919-9
  76. ^ Paper - one of the most important inventions of the last two millennia
  77. ^ Livingston, Morna & Beach, Milo (2002), Steps to Water: The Ancient Stepwells of India, p. 19, Princeton Architectural Press, ISBN 1-56898-324-7
  78. ^ Hoepfner, Wolfram (1970), "Ein Kombinationsschloss aus dem Kerameikos", Archäologischer Anzeiger, 85 (2): 210–213
  79. ^ R. Balasubramaniam (2000), On the Corrosion Resistance of the Delhi Iron Pillar, Corrosion Science 42: 2103-29
  80. ^ Zaheer Baber (1996), The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India, pp. 56–7, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-7914-2919-9
  81. ^ Ronald Watkins. Unknown Seas, p. 15.
  82. ^ Ancient Indian use of Kamal
  83. ^ Lynn Townsend White, Jr. (April 1960). "Tibet, India, and Malaya as Sources of Western Medieval Technology", The American Historical Review 65 (3), p. 519.
  84. ^ John M. Hobson (2004), The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation, p. 141, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-54724-5.
  85. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica (2002), "Chess: Ancient precursors and related games"
  86. ^ MSN Encarta (2008). Pachisi.
  87. ^ Schafer (1963), pages 160–161
  88. ^ Bedini (1994), pages 69–80
  89. ^ Gaudiosi, Monica M. (April 1988), "The Influence of the Islamic Law of Waqf on the Development of the Trust in England: The Case of Merton College", University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 136 (4): 1231–1261, doi:10.2307/3312162
  90. ^ Hudson, A. (2003), Equity and Trusts (3rd ed.), London: Cavendish Publishing, p. 32, ISBN 1-85941-729-9
  91. ^ Dick, Michael S. (1998). The Ancient Ayurvedic Writings. Retrieved May 19, 2005.
  92. ^ Robert Briffault (1938), The Making of Humanity, p. 195
  93. ^ Ahmad Y Hassan, Alcohol and the Distillation of Wine in Arabic Sources.
  94. ^ a b c d Hassan, Ahmad Y. "Technology Transfer in the Chemical Industries". Ahmad Y Hassan. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
  95. ^ Derewenda, Zygmunt S. (2007), "On wine, chirality and crystallography", Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations of Crystallography, 64: 246–258 [247], doi:10.1107/S0108767307054293
  96. ^ Khairallah, Amin A. Outline of Arabic Contributions to Medicine, chapter 10. Beirut, 1946.
  97. ^ Olga Pikovskaya, Repaying the West's Debt to Islam, BusinessWeek, March 29, 2005.
  98. ^ S. Hadzovic (1997). "Pharmacy and the great contribution of Arab-Islamic science to its development", Medicinski Arhiv 51 (1-2), p. 47-50.
  99. ^ a b c d e f g h Dr. Kasem Ajram (1992). Miracle of Islamic Science, Appendix B. Knowledge House Publishers. ISBN 0-911119-43-4.
  100. ^ Ibrahim B. Syed PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", Journal of the Islamic Medical Association, 2002 (2): 2-9 [7-8]
  101. ^ George Rafael, A is for Arabs, Salon.com, January 8, 2002.
  102. ^ Deborah Rowe, How Islam has kept us out of the 'Dark Ages', Science and Society, Channel 4, May 2004.
  103. ^ C. Wayne Smith, Joe Tom Cothren (1999), Cotton: Origin, History, Technology, and Production, p. viii, John Wiley and Sons. Technology & Industrial Arts, ISBN 0-471-18045-9
  104. ^ a b c David A. King, "Islamic Astronomy", in Christopher Walker (1999), ed., Astronomy before the telescope, p. 167-168. British Museum Press. ISBN 0-7141-2733-7.
  105. ^ Salma Khadra Jayyusi and Manuela Marin (1994), The Legacy of Muslim Spain, p. 117, Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-09599-3
  106. ^ a b Lebling Jr., Robert W. (July–August 2003), "Flight of the Blackbird", Saudi Aramco World: 24–33, retrieved 2008-06-28{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  107. ^ a b Teun Koetsier (2001). "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators", Mechanism and Machine theory 36, p. 590-591.
  108. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Donald Routledge Hill, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", Scientific American, May 1991, p. 64-69. (cf. Donald Routledge Hill, Mechanical Engineering)
  109. ^ Fowler, Charles B. (October 1967), "The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments", Music Educators Journal, 54 (2): 45–49, doi:10.2307/3391092
  110. ^ Muslin, Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (2008)
  111. ^ Ahmad, S. (July–September 2005), "Rise and Decline of the Economy of Bengal", Asian Affairs, 27 (3): 5–26{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  112. ^ Mason, Robert B. (1995). "New Looks at Old Pots: Results of Recent Multidisciplinary Studies of Glazed Ceramics from the Islamic World". Muqarnas: Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. XII. Brill Academic Publishers: 5. ISBN 90-04-10314-7.
  113. ^ David A. King, "Islamic Astronomy", pp. 168–169
  114. ^ King, David A. (2005), In Synchrony with the Heavens, Studies in Astronomical Timekeeping and Instrumentation in Medieval Islamic Civilization: Instruments of Mass Calculation, Brill Publishers, ISBN 900414188X
  115. ^ King, David A. (December 2003), "14th-Century England or 9th-Century Baghdad? New Insights on the Elusive Astronomical Instrument Called Navicula de Venetiis", Centaurus, 45 (1–4): 204–226, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.2003.450117.x
  116. ^ a b Ahmad Y Hassan, Donald Routledge Hill (1986). Islamic Technology: An illustrated history, p. 54. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42239-6.
  117. ^ Alatas, Syed Farid (2006), "From Jami`ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue", Current Sociology, 54 (1): 112–132 [123–4], doi:10.1177/0011392106058837
  118. ^ a b c d Adam Lucas (2006), Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology, p. 65. BRILL, ISBN 90-04-14649-0.
  119. ^ Richard W. Bulliet (1987), "Medieval Arabic Tarsh: A Forgotten Chapter in the History of Printing", Journal of the American Oriental Society 107 (3), p. 427-438.
  120. ^ F. L. Lewis (1992), Applied Optimal Control and Estimation, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
  121. ^ L. Gari (2002), "Arabic Treatises on Environmental Pollution up to the End of the Thirteenth Century", Environment and History 8 (4), pp. 475–488.
  122. ^ a b Lynn Townsend White, Jr. (Spring, 1961). "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition", Technology and Culture 2 (2): 97-111 [100]
  123. ^ Hassan, Ahmad Y. "Assessment of Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna". History of Science and Technology in Islam. Retrieved 2008-03-29.
  124. ^ a b c d Lynn Townsend White, Jr. (Spring, 1961). "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition", Technology and Culture 2 (2), p. 97-111 [100-101].
  125. ^ Ismail b. Ali Ebu'l Feda history, Weltgeschichte, hrsg. von Fleischer and Reiske 1789-94, 1831.
  126. ^ A. Al Dayela and N. al-Zuhair (2006), "Single drug therapy in the treatment of male sexual/erectile dysfunction in Islamic medicine", Urology 68 (1): 253-4
  127. ^ Regis Morelon, "General Survey of Arabic Astronomy", pp. 9–10, in Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, vol. 1 & 3, Routledge, pp. 1–19, ISBN 0415124107
  128. ^ Alatas, Syed Farid (2006), "From Jami`ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue", Current Sociology, 54 (1): 112–32, doi:10.1177/0011392106058837
  129. ^ The Guinness Book Of Records, 1998, p. 242, ISBN 0-553-57895-2
  130. ^ a b First Flights, Saudi Aramco World, January-February 1964, p. 8-9.
  131. ^ Zayn Bilkadi (University of California, Berkeley), "The Oil Weapons", Saudi Aramco World, January-February 1995, p. 20-27.
  132. ^ Donald Routledge Hill (1996), "Engineering", p. 783, in Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, vol. 1 & 3, Routledge, pp. 751–95, ISBN 0415124107
  133. ^ David J Roxburgh (2000), Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World, p. 21, Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-11669-9.
  134. ^ Josef W. Meri (2006), Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, p. 75, Taylor and Francis, ISBN 0-415-96691-4.
  135. ^ David A. King (1999), World-maps for Finding the Direction and Distance to Mecca: Innovation and Tradition in Islamic Science, p. 17, Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-11367-3.
  136. ^ Paul Vallely, How Islamic Inventors Changed the World, The Independent, 11 Mar 2006.
  137. ^ Bosworth, C. E. (Autumn 1981), "A Mediaeval Islamic Prototype of the Fountain Pen?", Journal of Semitic Studies, XXVl (i)
  138. ^ Lindsay, James E. (2005), Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 131, ISBN 0313322708
  139. ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Abu Mahmud Hamid ibn al-Khidr Al-Khujandi", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  140. ^ "Islam, Knowledge, and Science". University of Southern California. Retrieved 2008-01-22.
  141. ^ Elly Dekker (1995), "An unrecorded medieval astrolabe quadrant from c. 1300", Annals of Science 52 (1), p. 1-47 [6].
  142. ^ a b c King, David A., "Astronomy and Islamic society", pp. 163–8 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help), in Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, vol. 1 & 3, Routledge, pp. 128–184, ISBN 0415124107 Cite error: The named reference "King-Astronomy" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  143. ^ Donald Routledge Hill (1996), "Engineering", p. 766-9, in Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Routledge, pp. 751–795, ISBN 0415124107
  144. ^ Donald Routledge Hill (1996), "Engineering", p. 781, in Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Routledge, pp. 751–95, ISBN 0415124107
  145. ^ Fielding H. Garrison, History of Medicine:

    "The Saracens themselves were the originators not only of algebra, chemistry, and geology, but of many of the so-called improvements or refinements of civilization, such as street lamps, window-panes, firework, stringed instruments, cultivated fruits, perfumes, spices, etc..."

  146. ^ a b c The World's First Soft Drink. 1001 Inventions, 2006.
  147. ^ Juliette Rossant (2005), The World's First Soft Drink, Saudi Aramco World, September/October 2005, pp. 36–9
  148. ^ Peter Barrett (2004), Science and Theology Since Copernicus: The Search for Understanding, p. 18, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 0-567-08969-X.
  149. ^ Micheau, Francoise, "The Scientific Institutions in the Medieval Near East", pp. 988–991 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) in Morelon, Régis; Rashed, Roshdi (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, vol. 3, Routledge, pp. 985–1007, ISBN 0415124107
  150. ^ a b c Ibrahim B. Syed PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine 2 (2002): 2-9 [7].
  151. ^ a b c Finger, Stanley (1994), Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations Into Brain Function, Oxford University Press, p. 70, ISBN 0195146948
  152. ^ Ancient surgery
  153. ^ Zafarul-Islam Khan, At The Threshold (sic) Of A New Millennium – II, The Milli Gazette.
  154. ^ a b c d Khaled al-Hadidi (1978), "The Role of Muslem Scholars in Oto-rhino-Laryngology", The Egyptian Journal of O.R.L. 4 (1), p. 1-15. (cf. Ear, Nose and Throat Medical Practice in Muslim Heritage, Foundation for Science Technology and Civilization.)
  155. ^ Abdul Nasser Kaadan PhD, "Albucasis and Extraction of Bladder Stone", Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine, 2004 (3): 28-33.
  156. ^ a b c Sigrid Hunke (1969), Allah Sonne Uber Abendland, Unser Arabische Erbe, Second Edition, p. 279-280:

    "The science of medicine has gained a great and extremely important discovery and that is the use of general anaesthetics for surgical operations, and how unique, efficient, and merciful for those who tried it the Muslim anaesthetic was. It was quite different from the drinks the Indians, Romans and Greeks were forcing their patients to have for relief of pain. There had been some allegations to credit this discovery to an Italian or to an Alexandrian, but the truth is and history proves that, the art of using the anaesthetic sponge is a pure Muslim technique, which was not known before. The sponge used to be dipped and left in a mixture prepared from cannabis, opium, hyoscyamus and a plant called Zoan."


    (cf. Prof. Dr. M. Taha Jasser, Anaesthesia in Islamic medicine and its influence on Western civilization, Conference on Islamic Medicine)
  157. ^ Patricia Skinner (2001), Unani-tibbi, Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine
  158. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr (1993), An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines, pp. 135–6, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-7914-1516-3
  159. ^ Marlene Ericksen (2000). Healing with Aromatherapy, p. 9. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0-658-00382-8.
  160. ^ a b Khwarizm, Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation.
  161. ^ Will Durant (1950). The Story of Civilization IV: The Age of Faith, p. 239-45.
  162. ^ a b Robert E. Hall (1973). "Al-Khazini", Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. VII, p. 346.
  163. ^ Marshall Clagett (1961). The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages, p. 64. University of Wisconsin Press.
  164. ^ Donald Routledge Hill (1985). "Al-Biruni's mechanical calendar", Annals of Science 42, p. 139-163.
  165. ^ Islam, Knowledge, and Science. University of Southern California.
  166. ^ Kriss, Timothy C.; Kriss, Vesna Martich (April 1998), "History of the Operating Microscope: From Magnifying Glass to Microneurosurgery", Neurosurgery, 42 (4): 899–907, doi:10.1097/00006123-199804000-00116, PMID 9574655
  167. ^ a b Nicholas J. Wade, Stanley Finger (2001), "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective", Perception 30 (10), p. 1157–1177.
  168. ^ Tyler, Royall (2003), The Tale of Genji, Penguin Classics, pp. i-ii & xii, ISBN 014243714X
  169. ^ Tyler, Royall (2003), The Tale of Genji, Penguin Classics, p. xxvi, ISBN 014243714X
  170. ^ Yalcin Tekol (2007), "The medieval physician Avicenna used an herbal calcium channel blocker, Taxus baccata L.", Phytotherapy Research 21 (7): 701-2.
  171. ^ Philip K. Hitti (cf. Dr. Kasem Ajram (1992), Miracle of Islamic Science, Appendix B, Knowledge House Publishers. ISBN 0-911119-43-4).
  172. ^ Dr. A. Zahoor (1997). Al-Zarqali (Arzachel), University of Indonesia.
  173. ^ Sivin (1995), III, 22.
  174. ^ Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais (2006), 162.
  175. ^ Ahmad Y Hassan, Flywheel Effect for a Saqiya.
  176. ^ Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven John; Wallis, Faith (2005), Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, p. 30, ISBN 0415969301
  177. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica (2008). calico
  178. ^ a b c d e Ahmad Y Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering, History of Science and Technology in Islam.
  179. ^ Lorch, R. P. (1976), "The Astronomical Instruments of Jabir ibn Aflah and the Torquetum", Centaurus, 20 (1): 11–34, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1976.tb00214.x
  180. ^ A. I. Makki. "Needles & Pins", AlShindagah 68, January-February 2006.
  181. ^ Harding, David (1990). Weapons: An International Encyclopedia from 5000 B.C. to 2000 A.D. Diane Publishing Company. p. 111. ISBN 0756784360.
  182. ^ Linear astrolabe, Encyclopædia Britannica.
  183. ^ First Birds' Inn: About the Sport of Racing Pigeons
  184. ^ Scott Farrell, Weaponry: The Trebuchet
  185. ^ Philip Daileader, On the Social Origins of Medieval Institutions
  186. ^ Jim Bradbury, Medieval Siege
  187. ^ 101 gadgets that changed the world
  188. ^ Roberto Moreno, Koenraad Van Cleempoel, David King (2002). "A Recently Discovered Sixteenth-Century Spanish Astrolabe", Annals of Science 59 (4), p. 331-362 [333].
  189. ^ Adam Lucas (2006), Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology, p. 62. BRILL, ISBN 90-04-14649-0.
  190. ^ Hugh N. Kennedy, Hugh (1985), "From Polis To Madina: Urban Change In Late Antique And Early Islamic Syria", Past & Present, 106 (1), Oxford University Press: 3–27 [10–1], doi:10.1093/past/106.1.3
  191. ^ ANTIQUES; To Reflect On Or Simply To Admire
  192. ^ Georges Ifrah (2001). The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quatum Computer, p. 171, Trans. E.F. Harding, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (See [3])
  193. ^ Professor Lynn Townsend White, Jr. (cf. The Automata of Al-Jazari, Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul.)
  194. ^ Ahmad Y Hassan. The Origin of the Suction Pump - Al-Jazari 1206 A.D.
  195. ^ a b A 13th Century Programmable Robot. University of Sheffield.
  196. ^ [[Ancient Discoveries]], Episode 11: Ancient Robots, History Channel, retrieved 2008-09-06 {{citation}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  197. ^ Howard R. Turner (1997), Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction, p. 181, University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-78149-0.
  198. ^ a b Donald Routledge Hill, "Engineering", in Roshdi Rashed, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Vol. 2, p. 751-795 [776]. Routledge, London and New York.
  199. ^ Ahmad Y Hassan, Al-Jazari and the History of the Water Clock
  200. ^ Silvio A. Bedini, Francis R. Maddison (1966). "Mechanical Universe: The Astrarium of Giovanni de' Dondi", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 56 (5), p. 1-69.
  201. ^ a b Kennedy, Edward S. (1962), "Review: The Observatory in Islam and Its Place in the General History of the Observatory by Aydin Sayili", Isis, 53 (2): 237–239, doi:10.1086/349558
  202. ^ a b c d e Hassan, Ahmad Y. "Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries". Ahmad Y Hassan. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
  203. ^ Emilie Savage-Smith (1988), "Gleanings from an Arabist's Workshop: Current Trends in the Study of Medieval Islamic Science and Medicine", Isis 79 (2): 246-266 [263].
  204. ^ Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-54724-5.
  205. ^ a b Donald Routledge Hill (1996), "Engineering", p. 771, in Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Routledge, pp. 751–95, ISBN 0415124107
  206. ^ Augustyn, pages 27–28
  207. ^ G. R. Tibbetts (1973), "Comparisons between Arab and Chinese Navigational Techniques", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 36 (1): 97-108 [105-6]
  208. ^ E. S. Kennedy (1947), "Al-Kashi's Plate of Conjunctions", Isis 38 (1-2), p. 56-59 [56].
  209. ^ a b E. S. Kennedy (1950), "A Fifteenth-Century Planetary Computer: al-Kashi's Tabaq al-Manateq I. Motion of the Sun and Moon in Longitude", Isis 41 (2), p. 180-183.
  210. ^ E. S. Kennedy (1952), "A Fifteenth-Century Planetary Computer: al-Kashi's Tabaq al-Maneteq II: Longitudes, Distances, and Equations of the Planets", Isis 43 (1), p. 42-50.
  211. ^ E. S. Kennedy (1951), "An Islamic Computer for Planetary Latitudes", Journal of the American Oriental Society 71 (1), p. 13-21.
  212. ^ Ahmad Y Hassan (1976). Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering, p. 34-35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, University of Aleppo.
  213. ^ Routledge Hill, Donald. Roshdi Rashed (ed.). "Engineering". Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science. 2. London and New York: Routledge: 751–795.
  214. ^ pencil, Encyclopædia Britannica
  215. ^ a b Irfan Habib (1992), "Akbar and Technology", Social Scientist 20 (9-10), pp. 3–15 [3-4].
  216. ^ Rousselet (1875), page 290
  217. ^ Sivaramakrishnan (2001), pages 4–5
  218. ^ Blechynden (1905), page 215
  219. ^ Savage-Smith, Emilie (1985), Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their history, Construction, and Use, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
  220. ^ American Physical Society - This Month in Physics - History Lens Crafters Circa 1590: Invention of the Microscope
  221. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica (2008). chintz
  222. ^ Old Walled City of Shibam, UNESCO World Heritage Centre
  223. ^ galileo.rice.edu The Galileo Project > Science > The Telescope by Al Van Helden "The Hague discussed the patent applications first of Hans Lipperhey of Middelburg, and then of Jacob Metius of Alkmaar... another citizen of Middelburg, Sacharias Janssen had a telescope at about the same time but was at the Frankfurt Fair where he tried to sell it"
  224. ^ pp. 55–65, The Origins of Feedback Control, Otto Mayr, MIT Press, 1970, ISBN 0-262-13067-X.
  225. ^ "1679–1681 – R P Verbiest's Steam Chariot". History of the Automobile: origin to 1900. Hergé. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  226. ^ Setright, L. J. K. (2004). Drive On!: A Social History of the Motor Car. Granta Books. ISBN 1-86207-698-7.
  227. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica (2008). interior design
  228. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica (2008). crewel work
  229. ^ Roddam Narasimha (1985), Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D., National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science
  230. ^ Todd, Jan (1995). From Milo to Milo: A History of Barbells, Dumbells, and Indian Clubs. Accessed in September 2008. Hosted on the LA84 Foundation Sports Library.
  231. ^ James Burke (science historian) Connections - Episode 4 - "Faith in Numbers"
  232. ^ p. 159, Concepts of Chemical Dependency, Harold E. Doweiko, 7th ed., Cengage Learning, 2008, ISBN 0-495-50580-3.
  233. ^ a b Acott, Chris (1999). "JS Haldane, JBS Haldane, L Hill, and A Siebe: A brief resume of their lives". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal. 29 (3). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
  234. ^ Connors; Dupuis & Morgan (1992) "Badminton" from The Olympics Factbook. Page 195
  235. ^ Guillain (2004), page 47
  236. ^ p. 456, "Heroin", Maria Theresa Wessel, Jeanne Martino-McAllister, and Elizabeth C. Gallon, in Encyclopedia of Substance Abuse Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery, Gary L. Fisher and Nancy A. Roget, SAGE, 2008, ISBN 1-4129-5084-8.
  237. ^ Quick, D. (1970). "A History Of Closed Circuit Oxygen Underwater Breathing Apparatus". Royal Australian Navy, School of Underwater Medicine. RANSUM-1-70. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
  238. ^ Maxim's 1884 Prototype Automatic Rifle Based on definition as being fully-automatic. James Puckle in 1718 made a "multi shot gun" that has been called a "machine gun" but not automatic, more like a revolver. Richard Gatling's 1861 Gatling Gun hand cranked so is a 'semi-automatic machine gun'
  239. ^ §4.1, Neurochemical and Neurobehavioral Consequences of Methamphetamine Abuse, Colin N. Haile, chapter 4 in Neurochemistry of abused drugs, Steven B. Karch, ed., CRC Press, 2007, ISBN 1-4200-5441-4.
  240. ^ George Eastman: The Invention of the Kodak Hand-Held Camera
  241. ^ Anderson, L. I., "John Stone Stone on Nikola Tesla’s Priority in Radio and Continuous Wave Radiofrequency Apparatus". The Antique Wireless Association Review, Vol. 1, 1986.
  242. ^ A. K. Sen (1997). "Sir J.C. Bose and radio science", Microwave Symposium Digest 2 (8-13), p. 557-560
  243. ^ Nagai N. (1893). "Kanyaku maou seibun kenkyuu seiseki (zoku)". Yakugaku Zashi. 13: 901.
  244. ^ History of Property Rights - Ikeda, Kikunae
  245. ^ Ikeda K (2002). "New seasonings". Chem. Senses. 27 (9): 847–9. doi:10.1093/chemse/27.9.847. PMID 12438213. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) (partial translation of Ikeda, Kikunae (1909). "New Seasonings[japan.]". Journal of the Chemical Society of Tokyo. 30: 820–836.)
  246. ^ "Jagadis Bose Research on Measurement of Plant Growth". Retrieved 2008-08-05.
  247. ^ Tokyo Kagaku Kaishi (1911)
  248. ^ "Benefit to humanity"
  249. ^ Who Invented The Tank? - Bovington Tank Museum
  250. ^ Narlikar, J. V. (2002), An Introduction to Cosmology, p. 188, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-79376-9
  251. ^ "Non-Stop Shuttle Change Toyoda Automatic Loom, Type G" (in Japanese). The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers.
  252. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica (2008), "Raman effect"
  253. ^ Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar. Vigyan Prasar: Government of India.
  254. ^ Ten Japanese Great Inventors, Japanese Patent Office
  255. ^ JP patent 96371 -- Magnetic steel added aluminum and nickel (1931-7-31)
  256. ^ The origins of the pn junction, M. Riordan and L. Hoddeson, IEEE Spectrum 34, #6 (June 1997), pp. 46–51, doi:10.1109/6.591664.
  257. ^ The Curious History of the First Pocket Calculator, Cliff Stoll, Scientific American, January 2004.
  258. ^ "Curta calculator", entry in Milestones in computer science and information technology, Edwin D. Reilly, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, ISBN 1-57356-521-0, p. 66.
  259. ^ [John Brockman, editor. The Greatest Inventions of the Past 2000 Years. Phoenix. 2000]
  260. ^ David Lazarus (1995). 'Japan's Edison' Is Country's Gadget King : Japanese Inventor Holds Record for Patent. International Herald Tribune.
  261. ^ Jack Baskin School of Engineering. (2008) Narinder Kapany, Ph.D.. UC Santa Cruz.
  262. ^ Prathap, Gangan (March 2004), "Indian science slows down: The decline of open-ended research", Current Science, 86 (6): 768–769 [769]
  263. ^ "Subrata Mitra". Internet Encyclopedia of Cinematographers. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
  264. ^ Cardullo, Bert (November 2005), "Revisiting Satyajit Ray: An Interview with a Cinema Master", Bright Lights Film Journal (50), retrieved 2009-05-24
  265. ^ a b Peter Bond, Obituary: Lt-Gen Kerim Kerimov, The Independent, 7 April 2003.
  266. ^ The thin film transistor—A late flowering bloom, T. P. Brody, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 31, #11 (November 1984), pp. 1614–1628, at p. 1615, §II; also see An evaporated thin film triode, P. K. Weimer, presented at the IRE-AIEE Solid State Device Research Conf., Stanford University, CA, 1961.
  267. ^ [4]
  268. ^ [5]
  269. ^ An Early Electronic Calculator, the Friden EC-130, Bruce Flamm; in "Calculators" column, Earl Swartzlander, ed., IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 20, #3 (July–September 1998), pp. 72–73.
  270. ^ pp. 242 ff., First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong, James R. Hansen, Simon and Schuster, 2006, ISBN 0-7432-5751-0.
  271. ^ "Electronic Quartz Wristwatch, 1969". IEEE History Center. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
  272. ^ http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-charged-coupled-device.htm
  273. ^ Betty Blair (1995), "Behind Soviet Aeronauts", Azerbaijan International 3 (3).
  274. ^ Inventing Email
  275. ^ China Daily (February 10, 2007). 4 Great Modern Inventions Selected. Chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved on 2008-06-18.
  276. ^ Fulford, Benjamin (24 June 2002). "Unsung hero". Forbes. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
  277. ^ US 4531203  Fujio Masuoka
  278. ^ "CDP-101 The first Compact Disc Audio CD Player from 1982". 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-05.
  279. ^ p. 191, Liquid Gold: The Story Of Liquid Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry, Joseph A. Castellano, World Scientific Publishing Company, 2005, ISBN 981-238-956-3.
  280. ^ Stahl, Ted (July 26, 2006). "Chronology of the History of Video Games: Golden Age". Retrieved 2009-07-06.
  281. ^ p. 151, Television: the life story of a technology, Alexander B. Magoun, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, ISBN 0-313-33128-6.
  282. ^ B/W and color LC video displays addressed by poly Si TFT's, S. Morozumi, K. Oguchi, S. Yazawa, T. Kodaira, H. Ohshima, and T. Mano, Proc. Society for Information Display, Philadelphia, PA, May 1983, pp. 156–157.
  283. ^ First synthesized 1989 under the name "UK-92,480". See p. 1, The discovery and development of Viagra (sildenafil citrate), Ian H. Osterloh, pp. 1–14 in Sildenafil, Udo Dunzendorfer, ed., Milestones in Drug Therapy ser., Birkhäuser, 2004, ISBN 3-7643-6255-3.
  284. ^ Proposal for the World Wide Web
  285. ^ Van Buskirk, Eliot. "Introducing the world's first MP3 player". CNET.
  286. ^ http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0050266&ct=1

See also

Regional

References

  • Alter, J. S. in "Kabaddi, a national sport of India". Dyck, Noel (2000). Games, Sports and Cultures. Berg Publishers: ISBN 1-85973-317-4.
  • Asimov, Isaac, "Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery", Harper & Row, 1989. ISBN 0-06-015612-0
  • Bedini, Silvio A. (1994). The Trail of Time : Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia. England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37482-0.
  • Chamberlin, J. Edward (2007). Horse: How the Horse Has Shaped Civilizations. Moscow: Olma Media Group. ISBN 1-904955-36-3.
  • Dales, George (1974). "Excavations at Balakot, Pakistan, 1973". Journal of Field Archaeology. 1 (1–2): 3–22 [10]. doi:10.2307/529703.
  • Davreu, Robert (1978). "Cities of Mystery: The Lost Empire of the Indus Valley". The World’s Last Mysteries. (second edition). Sydney: Readers’ Digest. ISBN 0-909486-61-1
  • De Bono, Edward, "Eureka! An Illustrated History of Inventions from the Wheel to the Computer", Thames & Hudson, 1974.
  • Finger, Stanley (2001). Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations Into Brain Function. England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514694-8.
  • Ghosh, Amalananda (1990). An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology. Brill. ISBN 90-04-09264-1.
  • Ghosh, S.; Massey, Reginald; and Banerjee, Utpal Kumar (2006). Indian Puppets: Past, Present and Future. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 81-7017-435-X.
  • Gowlett, John, "Ascent to Civilization", McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1992. ISBN 0-07-544312-0
  • Juleff, G. (1996). An ancient wind powered iron smelting technology in Sri Lanka. Nature 379 (3): 60–63.
  • Koppel, Tom (2007). Ebb and Flow: Tides and Life on Our Once and Future Planet. Dundurn Press Ltd. ISBN 1-55002-726-3.
  • Livingston, Morna & Beach, Milo (2002). Steps to Water: The Ancient Stepwells of India. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 1-56898-324-7.
  • Needham, Joseph (1954–1986), Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge University Press
  • Platt, Richard, "Eureka!: Great Inventions and How They Happened", 2003.
  • Pruthi, Raj (2004). Prehistory and Harappan Civilization. New Delhi: APH Publishing Corp. ISBN 81-7648-581-0.
  • Schafer, Edward H. (1963). The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T'ang Exotics. California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05462-8.
  • Srinivasan, S. & Ranganathan, S. Wootz Steel: An Advanced Material of the Ancient World. Bangalore: Indian Institute of Science.
  • Thrusfield, Michael (2007). Veterinary Epidemiology. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-5627-9.
  • Whitelaw, Ian (2007). A Measure of All Things: The Story of Man and Measurement. Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-37026-1.
  • Basch, Lucien (2001), "La voile latine, son origine, son évolution et ses parentés arabes", in Tzalas, H. (ed.), Tropis VI, 6th International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity, Lamia 1996 proceedings, Athens: Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical Tradition, pp. 55–85
  • Campbell, I.C. (1995), "The Lateen Sail in World History" (PDF), Journal of World History, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–23
  • Casson, Lionel (1954), "The Sails of the Ancient Mariner", Archaeology, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 214–219
  • Casson, Lionel (1995), Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World, Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0801851300
  • Castro, F.; Fonseca, N.; Vacas, T.; Ciciliot, F. (2008), "A Quantitative Look at Mediterranean Lateen- and Square-Rigged Ships (Part 1)", The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 347–359, doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2008.00183.x
  • Friedman, Zaraza; Zoroglu, Levent (2006), "Kelenderis Ship. Square or Lateen Sail?", The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 108–116, doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2006.00091.x
  • Makris, George (2002), "Ships", in Laiou, Angeliki E (ed.), The Economic History of Byzantium. From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century, vol. 2, Dumbarton Oaks, pp. 89–99, ISBN 0-88402-288-9
  • Pomey, Patrice (2006), "The Kelenderis Ship: A Lateen Sail", The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 326–335, doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2006.00111.x
  • Pryor, John H.; Jeffreys, Elizabeth M. (2006), The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ: The Byzantine Navy ca. 500–1204, Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-9004151970
  • White, Lynn (1978), "The Diffusion of the Lateen Sail", Medieval Religion and Technology. Collected Essays, University of California Press, pp. 255–260, ISBN 0-520-03566-6
  • Whitewright, Julian (2009), "The Mediterranean Lateen Sail in Late Antiquity", The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 97–104, doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2008.00213.x