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Time in Africa
Time zonesCape Verde Time
Central European Time
East Africa Time
Eastern European Time
Greenwich Mean Time
Mauritius Time
Seychelles Time
South African Standard Time
West Africa Time
UTC offsetsUTC−01:00 to UTC+04:00
Time notation(s)24-hour clock
12-hour clock (uncommon)[1]
Daylight saving time
Observed in Morocco
tz database
Africa

Africa, the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, spans across six different time zone offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC): UTC−01:00 to UTC+04:00.[2][3] As Africa straddles the equator and tropics, there is little change in daylight hours throughout the year[4] and as such daylight saving time is currently observed in only two countries, Morocco and Egypt. However, it was previously observed in several other countries.[5][6]

Time zones of Africa:
Light Blue Cape Verde Time[a] (UTC−1)
Blue Greenwich Mean Time (UTC)
Red
(UTC+1)
Ochre
(UTC+2)
Green East Africa Time (UTC+3)
Turquoise
(UTC+4)
a The islands of Cape Verde and Canary Islands are to the west of the African mainland.
b Mauritius and the Seychelles are to the east and north-east of Madagascar respectively.

Before the wide adoption of standard time zones, local mean time was widely used in railway time for train timetables and telegraphic time for telegraphy.[7] Local mean time is a solar time that corrects the variations of local apparent time by forming a uniform time scale at a specific longitude;[8] for instance, Liberia observed UTC−0:44:30 instead of an approximate offset such as UTC−01:00.[9] British Rhodesia (at the time administered by the private British South Africa Company) was the first area in Africa to adopt standard time, switching to UTC+02:30 on 1 August 1899 as the previous time standards proved problematic for the railway system.[10] Other countries followed suit, and by 1912, most Portuguese,[11] French and British territories had adopted a standard offset.[12] Liberia was the last country in Africa to adopt a standard offset, doing so on 7 January 1972.[13]

Names for the offsets vary by country and jurisdiction:[3] in Africa, UTC+01:00 is commonly known as "West Africa Time", however Algeria,[14] Morocco and Tunisia[15] designate the offset by its European name, "Central European Time"; UTC+02:00 – commonly known as "Central Africa Time" – is designated as "South African Standard Time" by Eswatini, Lesotho and South Africa,[16] whilst Egypt[17] and Libya[18] designate it by its European name "Eastern European Time". Cape Verde is the only country in Africa which observes UTC−01:00, where it is known as Cape Verde Time (CVT); thirteen countries observe UTC±00:00, fourteen[a] observe UTC+01:00, sixteen[a] observe UTC+02:00, nine observe UTC+03:00, and two (Mauritius and Seychelles) observe UTC+04:00, where the offset is designated as Mauritius Time (MUT)[19] and Seychelles Time (SCT)[20] respectively.[3]

History

[edit]

Before the wide adoption of standard time zones, local mean time, which is a solar time that corrects the variations of local apparent time by forming a uniform time scale at a specific longitude,[8] such as railway time for train timetables and telegraphic time for telegraphy, was widely used.[7] Due to the large size of the British company rule in Rhodesia, it meant Rhodesia observed three standards of time: UTC+01:30, +2:15 and +2:30; this was problematic for the railway system, so on 1 August 1899 the standard time zones UTC+02:30 was adopted nationwide,[10] consequently resulting in this being the first standard time in Africa. This would soon be followed by Egypt, which adopted standard time on 1 October 1900;[21][22] Nigeria adopted standard time on 1 July 1905,[23] Seychelles in 1906,[24] Mauritius on 1 January 1907,[21] Togo in 1907,[12] Algeria on 11 March 1911[9] and Tunisia on 12 April 1911.[21] Most Portuguese territories (including Cape Verde and Mozambique) adopted standard time on 26 May 1911,[11] followed by most remaining French and British territories on 1 July 1911 and 1 January 1912.[21][25] The Gambia adopted standard time in 1918.[26] Liberia was the last country in Africa to adopt a standard offset, doing so on 7 January 1972.[13] The latest time change was South Sudan, which switched from UTC+3 to +2 on 1 February 2021.[27]

Daylight saving time

[edit]
Main article: Daylight saving time in Africa

As Africa straddles the equator and tropics, there is little change in daylight hours throughout the year[4] and as such daylight saving time (DST) is currently observed in only one country, Morocco, however it was also previously observed in several other countries: the countries that formerly observed DST are South Africa, which last observed it in 1944,[28] Cape Verde in 1945,[29] Madagascar in 1954,[29] Ghana in 1956,[30] Sierra Leone in 1962,[31] Algeria and Chad in 1980,[9] Sudan in 1985,[9] Tunisia in 2008,[32] Mauritius in 2009,[29] Libya in 2012,[33][34] Egypt in 2015,[35] and Namibia in 2017.[36] Since 2019,[37] Morocco has observed UTC+01:00 year round except during the month of Ramadan, when it switches to UTC±00:00 as to not interfere with the month's fasting (sawm).[38][39]

Time zones

[edit]
Country Time zone Abbr. Adopted zone.tab[9]
UTC−01:00 – Cape Verde Time[2][3]
 Cape Verde[40] Cape Verde Time[41] CVT 26 May 1911[11] Atlantic/Cape Verde
UTC±00:00 – Greenwich Mean Time[2][3]
 Burkina Faso[42] Greenwich Mean Time[43] GMT 1 January 1912 Africa/Ouagadougou
 Côte d'Ivoire[44] Greenwich Mean Time[45] GMT 1 January 1911[21] Africa/Abidjan
 The Gambia[46] Greenwich Mean Time[47] GMT 1918[26] Africa/Banjul
 Ghana[48] Greenwich Mean Time[49] GMT 2 November 1915[50]–31 January 1942[51]
24 October 1945 (readopted)[52] 		Africa/Accra
 Guinea[53] Greenwich Mean Time[54] GMT 1 January 1912[21] Africa/Conakry
 Guinea-Bissau[55] Greenwich Mean Time[56] GMT 1 January 1912[21] Africa/Bissau
 Liberia[57] Greenwich Mean Time[58] GMT 7 January 1972[13] Africa/Monrovia
 Mali[59] Greenwich Mean Time[60] GMT 1 July 1911 Africa/Bamako
 Mauritania[61] Greenwich Mean Time[62] GMT 1 January 1912[21] Africa/Nouakchott
 São Tomé and Príncipe[63] Greenwich Mean Time[64] GMT 1 January 1912[9]–1 January 2018[65]
1 January 2019 (readopted)[66] 		Africa/Sao Tome
 Senegal[67] Greenwich Mean Time[68] GMT 1 January 1912[21] Africa/Dakar
 Sierra Leone[69] Greenwich Mean Time[70] GMT 1939[71] Africa/Freetown
 Togo[72] Greenwich Mean Time[73] GMT 1907[12] Africa/Lome
UTC+01:00 – West Africa Time[2][3][b]
 Algeria[74] Central European Time[75] CET 11 March 1911 – 25 February 1940[9]
7 October 1946 – 29 January 1956[9]
14 April 1963 – 21 October 1977[9]
May 1981[9] 		Africa/Algiers
 Angola[76] West Africa Time[77] WAT 1 January 1912[21] Africa/Luanda
 Benin[78] West Africa Time[79] WAT 1 January 1912[21] Africa/Porto-Novo
 Cameroon[80] West Africa Time[81] WAT 1 January 1912[21] Africa/Douala
 Central African Republic[82] West Africa Time[83] WAT 1 January 1912[21] Africa/Bangui
 Chad[84] West Africa Time[85] WAT 1 January 1912 Africa/Ndjamena
 Democratic Republic of the Congo (western side)[86] West Africa Time[87] WAT 1 January 1912 Africa/Kinshasa
 Equatorial Guinea[88] West Africa Time[89] WAT 1968[c] Africa/Malabo
 Gabon[91] West Africa Time[92] WAT 1 January 1912[21] Africa/Libreville
 Morocco[93] Central European Time[94] CET 27 October 2018[95][96] Africa/Casablanca
 Niger[97] West Africa Time[98] WAT 1 January 1912[21] Africa/Niamey
 Nigeria[99] West Africa Time[100] WAT 1 July 1905[23]–1 July 1908[101]
1 September 1919 (readopted)[102] 		Africa/Lagos
 Republic of the Congo[103] West Africa Time[104] WAT 1 January 1912[22] Africa/Brazzaville
 Tunisia[105] Central European Time[106] CET 12 April 1911[21] Africa/Tunis
UTC+02:00 – Central Africa Time[2][3][d]
 Botswana[107] Central Africa Time[108] CAT 1984[109] Africa/Gaborone
 Burundi[110] Central Africa Time[111] CAT 1968[9] Africa/Bujumbura
 Democratic Republic of the Congo (eastern side)[87] Central Africa Time[87] CAT 1 January 1912 Africa/Lubumbashi
 Egypt[112] Eastern European Time[113] EET 1 October 1900[21][22] Africa/Cairo
 Eswatini[114] South African Standard Time[115] SAST 1 March 1903 Africa/Mbabane
 Lesotho[116] South African Standard Time[117] SAST 1 March 1903 Africa/Maseru
 Libya[118] Eastern European Time[119] EET 5 November 2012[34] Africa/Tripoli
 Malawi[120] Central Africa Time[121] CAT 26 August 1966[122] Africa/Blantyre
 Mozambique[123] Central Africa Time[124] CAT 1903 (de facto)[9]
26 May 1911 (de jure)[9][11] 		Africa/Maputo
 Namibia[125] Central Africa Time[126] CAT 10 November 1993[127][128] Africa/Windhoek
 Rwanda[129] Central Africa Time[130] CAT 1922 Africa/Kigali
 South Africa[131] South African Standard Time[132][133] SAST 1 March 1903[134] Africa/Johannesburg
 South Sudan[135] Central Africa Time[136] CAT 1 February 2021[27] Africa/Juba
 Sudan[137] Central Africa Time[137] CAT 1931[9]–15 January 2000[138]
1 November 2017 (readopted)[139] 		Africa/Khartoum
 Zambia[140] Central Africa Time[141] CAT 1924[142] Africa/Lusaka
 Zimbabwe[143] Central Africa Time[144] CAT 8 July 1899[145][146] Africa/Harare
UTC+03:00 – East Africa Time[2][3]
 Comoros[147] East Africa Time[148] EAT 1 July 1911[21] Indian/Comoro
 Djibouti[149] East Africa Time[150] EAT 1 July 1911[21] Africa/Djibouti
 Eritrea[151] East Africa Time[152] EAT 24 May 1993 Africa/Asmara
 Ethiopia[153] East Africa Time[154] EAT 17 August 1942[155] Africa/Addis Ababa
 Kenya[156] East Africa Time[157][158] EAT 31 July 1942[159] Africa/Nairobi
 Madagascar[160] East Africa Time[161][162] EAT 1 July 1911[21] Indian/Antananarivo
 Somalia[163] East Africa Time[164] EAT 1 July 1911[165] Africa/Mogadishu
 Tanzania[166] East Africa Time[167][168] EAT 21 January 1929[169]–1 January 1936[170]
1 August 1942[171] (readopted) 		Africa/Dar es Salaam
 Uganda[172] East Africa Time[173][174] EAT 23 July 1976[175] Africa/Kampala
UTC+04:00 – Mauritius Time; Seychelles Time[2][3]
 Mauritius[176] Mauritius Time[177] MUT 1 January 1907[21] Indian/Mauritius
 Seychelles[178] Seychelles Time[179] SCT 1906[24] Indian/Mahe

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Including the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which observes two time zones, UTC+01:00 and +2.
  2. ^ Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia designate this offset as "Central European Time".
  3. ^ First appeared in the 1969 "Sailing Directions for Southwest Coast of Africa, Cape Palmas to Cape of Good Hope" published by the Naval Oceanographic Office,[90] which is compiled the year before publication. Equatorial Guinea did not appear in the 1968 edition (compiled in 1967) or earlier.
  4. ^ Eswatini, Lesotho and South Africa designate this offset as "South African Standard Time" and Egypt and Libya designate it as "Eastern European Time".

References

[edit]

General

[edit]
  • Ogle, Vanessa (2015). The Global Transformation of Time 1870-1950. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674737020. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  • Shanks, Thomas G. (1985) "The International Atlas: World Longitudes and Latitudes Time Changes and Time Zones". ACS Publications. ISBN 9780917086571. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  • Pearce, Chris (2017). The Great Daylight Saving Time Controversy. Australian eBook Publisher. ISBN 9781925516968. Retrieved 13 September 2021.

Inline

[edit]
  1. ^ Mortada, Dalia (30 January 2015) If you have a meeting in Ethiopia, you'd better double check the time. The World. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Africa Time Zones. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Time Zones In Africa. World Atlas. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  4. ^ a b Pearce 2017, p. 296.
  5. ^ Africa Time Zones. GreenwichMeanTime.com. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
  6. ^ Africa Daylight Saving Time. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  7. ^ a b Ogle 2015, p. 1–9.
  8. ^ a b Kröger, Pekka; Oja, Heikki; Donner, Karl Johan; Poutanen, Markku (2007) "Fundamental Astronomy". Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 34. Retrieved 11 September 2021. ISBN 9783540341444.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Africa at the tz database. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  10. ^ a b Bulawayo Chronicle, 8 July 1899. p 5. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  11. ^ a b c d 30 de maio de 1911. (in Portuguese). dre.pt. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  12. ^ a b c Ogle 2015, p. 82.
  13. ^ a b c Tolbert, William R. (1972). Republic of Liberia presidential papers: documents, diary and record of activities of the Chief Executive, July 23, 1971-July 31, 1972. Monrovia, R.L. [i.e. Republic of Liberia]: Executive Mansion. p. 330. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  14. ^ Ham, Anthony; Atkinson, Brett; Bainbridge, James; Butler, Stuart; Carillet, Jean-Bernard; Clammer, Paul; Corne, Lucy; Filou, Emilie; Fitzpatrick, Mary; Grosberg, Michael; Holden, Trent; Lee, Jessica; Luckham, Nana; Maric, Vesna; Masters, Tom; Maxwell, Virginia; Ranger, Helen; Sainsbury, Brendan; Sieg, Caroline; Smith, Helena; Lioy, Stephen; St Louis, Regis; Stiles, Paul; Parkes, Lorna (2017) "Lonely Planet Africa". Lonely Planet. p. 180. Retrieved 12 September 2021. ISBN 9781787011472
  15. ^ Bartky, Ian R. (2007) "One Time Fits All: The Campaigns for Global Uniformity". Stanford University Press. p. 134. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  16. ^ Fitzpatrick, Mary (2000) "South Africa, Lesotho & Swaziland". Lonely Planet Publications. p. 98. "All three countries use South African Standard Time". Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  17. ^ National Institute for Exploration (1987) "Egypt: Images of Adventure". Viewfinder Publications. p. 131 "[...] Egypt observes Eastern European Time, which is 2 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time." Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  18. ^ يرجى التقديم الآن: برنامج منح فولبرايت 2021-2022 للطلاب الأجانب. (in Arabic). U.S. Embassy in Libya – ly.usembassy.gov. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  19. ^ Maurel, Martine (2000) "Mauritius Travel Guide (Globetrotter Travel Guides)". New Holland Publishers. p. 126. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  20. ^ Skerrett, Adrian; Drynan, Kate et al. (2017) "Seychelles - Berlitz Pocket Guide". Berlitz Publishing. p. 117 "Seychelles time is GMT plus 4 hours...". Retrieved 12 September 2021. ISBN 9781780049557
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u United States. National Bureau of Standards, Gould, Ralph Edgar (1935) Standard Time Throughout the World. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 3. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  22. ^ a b c United States. Bureau of Standards (1932) Issue 399, Circular of the Bureau of Standards. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 10. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  23. ^ a b Jackson, John Payne: 24 June 1905, Lagos Weekly Record. (via Center for Research Libraries (CRL)). Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  24. ^ a b Rind, W. L. (January 1907) "The Laws of Seychelles Revised: Seychelles local laws, 1899-1906, by W.L. Rind." Government of Seychelles. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 1689, "The Standard Time Ordinance, 1906. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  25. ^ Ogle 2015, p. 36.
  26. ^ a b Howse, Derek (1997) "Greenwich Time and the Longitude: Official Millennium Edition". National Maritime Museum. Bloomsbury USA. p. 148. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  27. ^ a b Rédaction Africanews (29 January 2021) South Sudan to switch new time zone in February. Africanews. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  28. ^ Committee for Social Affairs (1993) Report of the Committee for Social Affairs of the President's Council on a Daylight Saving Programme. Government of South Africa. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  29. ^ a b c Pearce 2017, p. 41.
  30. ^ Gold Coast (1957). "Annual Volume of the Ordinances of the Gold Coast Enacted During the Year 1956". Government Print. Department. Government of Ghana. p. 83, Time Determination (Amendment) Ordinance, 1956 (No. 21 of 1956), 29 August 1956. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  31. ^ Act of Standard Time, 31 August 1962. Government of Sierra Leone. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  32. ^ التخلي نهائيا عن اعتماد التوقيت الصيفي في تونس, 27 March 2010. (in Arabic). ar.webmanagercenter.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  33. ^ "Clocks to go back an hour on Saturday", 4 November 2012. Libya Herald. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  34. ^ a b "CORRECTION: no time change tomorrow", 24 October 2013. Libya Herald. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  35. ^ Ahram Online (20 April 2015) "No daylight saving this summer: Egypt's prime minister". Al-Ahram. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  36. ^ Nakale, Albertina (9 August 2017) National Council passes Time Bill in favour of summer time Archived 2018-07-20 at the Wayback Machine. New Era Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  37. ^ Alami, Ziad (16 April 2019) VOICI LA DATE DU RETOUR À L'HEURE LÉGALE AU MAROC. (in French). Le360. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  38. ^ Kasraoui, Safaa (30 March 2021) Ramadan: Morocco to Switch Back to GMT on April 11. Morocco World News. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  39. ^ Kasraoui, Safaa (10 April 2021) Reminder: Morocco to Go Back to GMT Sunday for Ramadan. Morocco World News. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  40. ^ Cabo Verde. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC–1". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  41. ^ Cape Verde Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  42. ^ Burkina Faso. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC 0". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  43. ^ Burkina Faso Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  44. ^ Ivory Coast. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC 0". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  45. ^ Cote d'Ivoire Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  46. ^ Gambia, The. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC 0". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  47. ^ Gambia Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  48. ^ Ghana. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC 0". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  49. ^ Ghana Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  50. ^ Gold Coast (1915). "Ordinances of the Gold Coast, Ashanti, Northern Territories, and Togoland Under British Mandate". Government Print. Department. Government of Ghana. p. 69–71. "Interpretation Amendment Ordinance, 1915" (No.24 of 1915), 2 November 1915. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  51. ^ Gold Coast (January 1943). "Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast: Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1942. Government Print. Department. Government of Ghana. p. 22, "Defence (Time Determination Ordinance Amendment) Regulations, 1942 (Regulations No. 6 of 1942), 31 January 1942. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  52. ^ Gold Coast (January 1946). "Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast: Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1945". Government Print. Department. Government of Ghana. p. 256, "Defence (Revocation) (No.4) Regulations, 1945 (Regulations No. 45 of 1945), 24 October 1945. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  53. ^ Guinea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC 0". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  54. ^ Guinea Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  55. ^ Guinea-Bissau. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC 0". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  56. ^ Guinea-Bissau Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  57. ^ Liberia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC 0". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  58. ^ Liberia Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  59. ^ Mali. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC 0". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  60. ^ Mali Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  61. ^ Mauritania. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC 0". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  62. ^ Mauritania Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  63. ^ Sao Tome and Principe. "time difference: UTC 0". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  64. ^ São Tomé and Príncipe Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  65. ^ Decree No. 25/2017. mnec.gov.st. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  66. ^ Governo de Jorge B. Jesus já decidiu repor a hora legal são-tomense, 5 December 2018. (in Portuguese). STP-Press. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  67. ^ Senegal. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC 0". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  68. ^ Senegal Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  69. ^ Sierra Leone. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC 0". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  70. ^ Sierra Leone Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  71. ^ Ogle 2015, p. 80.
  72. ^ Togo. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC 0". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  73. ^ Togo Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  74. ^ Algeria. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+1". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  75. ^ Algeria Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  76. ^ Angola. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+1". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  77. ^ Angola Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  78. ^ Benin. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+1". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  79. ^ Benin Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  80. ^ Cameroon. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+1". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  81. ^ Cameroon Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  82. ^ Central African Republic. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+1". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  83. ^ Central African Republic Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  84. ^ Chad. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+1". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  85. ^ Chad Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  86. ^ Congo, Democratic Republic of the. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "...note: the DRC has two time zones". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  87. ^ a b c Democratic Republic of the Congo Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  88. ^ Equatorial Guinea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+1". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  89. ^ Equatorial Guinea Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  90. ^ Naval Oceanographic Office (1968) "Sailing Directions for Southwest Coast of Africa, Cape Palmas to Cape of Good Hope". p. 5. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  91. ^ Gabon. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+1". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  92. ^ Gabon Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  93. ^ Morocco. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+1". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  94. ^ Morocco Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  95. ^ Government of Morocco (26 October 2018) الاستمرار في العمل بالساعة الإضافية : (GMT + 1) Archived 2018-10-29 at the Wayback Machine. (in Arabic). mmsp.gov.ma. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  96. ^ Staff Writer (30 October 2018) Editorial: GMT+1 Angers and Confuses More than 'Benefits' Moroccans. Morocco World News. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  97. ^ Niger. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+1". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  98. ^ Niger Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  99. ^ Nigeria. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+1". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  100. ^ Nigeria Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  101. ^ Jackson, John Payne: July 4, 1908, The Lagos Standard. (via Center for Research Libraries (CRL)). Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  102. ^ Nigeria Gazette and Supplements 1919 Jan-Dec. Reference: 73266B-40. The Nigeria Gazette. Lagos. Retrieved 5 September 2021. (paywalled).
  103. ^ Congo, Republic of the. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+1". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  104. ^ Republic of the Congo Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  105. ^ Tunisia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+1". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  106. ^ Tunisia Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  107. ^ Botswana. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+2". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  108. ^ Botswana Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  109. ^ Chapter: 01:04 (20 July 1984). "Interpretation Act 1984 (§40(1))". Archived from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  110. ^ Burundi. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+2". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  111. ^ Burundi Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  112. ^ Egypt. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+2". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  113. ^ Egypt Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  114. ^ Eswatini. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+2". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  115. ^ Eswatini Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  116. ^ Lesotho. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+2". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  117. ^ Lesotho Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  118. ^ Libya. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Retrieved 5 September 2021. "time difference: UTC+2".
  119. ^ Libya Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  120. ^ Malawi. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+2". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  121. ^ Malawi Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  122. ^ Government of Malawi (23 August 1966) General Interpretation Act, 1966[permanent dead link‍]: assent given on 26 August 1966. MalawiLII. Legal Information Institute (LII). p. 19. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  123. ^ Mozambique. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+2". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  124. ^ Mozambique Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  125. ^ Namibia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+2". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  126. ^ Namibia Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  127. ^ Namibian Time Bill (#39 of 1993). Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  128. ^ Dierks, Klaus (5 January 2005) "Chronology of Namibian History". p. 136 "1994". KlausDierks.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  129. ^ Rwanda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+2". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  130. ^ Rwanda Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  131. ^ South Africa. "time difference: UTC+2". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  132. ^ South Africa Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  133. ^ "Guide to Southern Africa". (1957). S. Low, Marston & Company. Union-Castle Mail Steamship Company, Ltd. p. 124. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  134. ^ Wood, H. E. (1927–28) "Official Year Book of the Union of South Africa and of Basutoland, Bechuanaland Protectorate, and Swaziland. No. 10. p. 61, chp. 1. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  135. ^ South Sudan. "time difference: UTC+2". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  136. ^ South Sudan Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  137. ^ a b Sudan Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  138. ^ Clocks to be moved ahead by 60 minutes as of Saturday noon, 13 January 2000. Sudan News Agency. Archived from the original on 9 July 2000. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  139. ^ Cabinet Resolution No. 352 for the year 2017. Government of Sudan. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  140. ^ Zambia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+2". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  141. ^ Zambia Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  142. ^ Central Statistical Office (1924) "Official Year Book of Southern Rhodesia". p. 313. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  143. ^ Zimbabwe. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+2". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  144. ^ Zimbabwe Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  145. ^ British South Africa Company Government Gazette, 1899. [Government Notice No. 160 of 1899]. p. 199. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  146. ^ Interpretation Act Archived 2021-09-07 at the Wayback Machine, 1 November 1962. Government of Zimbabwe. ZimLII – Legal Information Institute (LII). Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  147. ^ Comoros. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+3". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  148. ^ Comoros Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  149. ^ Djibouti. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+3". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  150. ^ Djibouti Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  151. ^ Eritrea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  152. ^ Eritrea Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  153. ^ Ethiopia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+3". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  154. ^ Ethiopia Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  155. ^ Faculty of Law, Haile Sellassie I University (1972) "Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia: An Unofficial Compilation of National Laws in Effect as of September 10, 1969. Prepared in Co-operation with the Office of the Prime Minister, Imperial Ethiopian Government, by the Faculty of Law, Haile Sellassie I University  • Volume 2". p. 821. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  156. ^ Kenya. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+3". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  157. ^ Kenya Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  158. ^ Ham, Anthony; Kaminski, Anna; Duthie, Shawn (2018) "Lonely Planet Kenya". Lonely Planet Publications. Kenya → "Time: East Africa Time (GMT/UTC plus three hours)". Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  159. ^ The Defence (Amendment of Laws No. 120), Government Notice №655. 16 July 1942. Kenya Official Gazette Supplement, No. 32. p. 331. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  160. ^ Madagascar. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+3". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  161. ^ Madagascar Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  162. ^ Time in Madagascar at Lonely Planet. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  163. ^ Somalia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+3". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  164. ^ Somalia Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  165. ^ United States. Bureau of Standards (1932) Issue 399, Circular of the Bureau of Standards. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 14. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  166. ^ Tanzania. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+3". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  167. ^ Tanzania Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  168. ^ Time in Tanzania. Lonely Planet. 5 September 2021.
  169. ^ "Gazette. Supplement [1̈ Government Notices]", 1929. Tanganyika. p. 9 "Interpretation (Standard Time) Order, 21 January 1929. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  170. ^ Interpretation (Standard Time) Order, 1 January 1936. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  171. ^ Interpretation (Standard Time) Order, 1 August 1942. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  172. ^ Uganda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+3". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  173. ^ Uganda Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  174. ^ Time in Uganda. Lonely Planet. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  175. ^ Interpretation Act, 23 July 1976. Law Reform Commission of Uganda. ULII – Legal Information Institute (LII). Part VI – Miscellaneous, 33. Time. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  176. ^ Mauritius. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+4". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  177. ^ Mauritius Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  178. ^ Seychelles. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "time difference: UTC+4". Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  179. ^ Seychelles Time Zone. TimeTemperature.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
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