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Thismia

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Thismia
Thismia rodwayi
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Dioscoreales
Family: Burmanniaceae
Genus: Thismia
Griff.[1][2]
Type species
Thismia brunonis Griff.[3][4]
Species

See text

Synonyms[2]

Thismia is a genus of myco-heterotrophic plants in family Burmanniaceae, first described as a genus in 1845. It is native to East and Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and the Americas.[2][5]

Description

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Thismia neptunis
Thismia thaithongiana

Vegetative characteristics

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Thismia are perennial,[6] achlorophyllous, mycoheterotrophic,[3] tuberous plants with branched or simple stems.[7]

Generative characteristics

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The 1–4 terminal,[7] solitary flowers[8] are erect.[6] The androecium consists of 6 stamens.[1][7] The gynoecium consists of one carpel.[8][7]

Cytology

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The chromosome count of Thismia huangii is 2n = 18.[9] The chromosome count of Thismia abei is 2n = 12.[10]

Taxonomy

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It was published by William Griffith in 1845[2] with Thismia brunonis Griff. as the type species.[3][4]

Species

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As of June 2024, Plants of the World Online recognises 108 species in this genus, as follows:[2]

Recently described species include:

Etymology

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The generic name Thismia refers to Thomas Smith. It is an anagram of his name.[6][1]

Conservation

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Most Thismia species are threatened with extinction[12] and many species are only known from very few collections.[13] For instance, the IUCN conservation status of Thismia melanomitra is Vulnerable (VU),[14] Thismia malayana is categorized as Vulnerable (VU),[11] Thismia kobensis, which was previously believed to be extinct, is now categorized as Critically Endangered (CR),[15] and Thismia americana is believed to be possibly extinct.[13][16]

Ecology

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Pollination

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The flowers of Thismia tentaculata are pollinated by fungus gnats.[17] The flowers of Thismia hongkongensis are visited by fungus gnats and scuttle flies.[18]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Griffith, William (1844). "On the root parasites referred by authors to Rhizantheae and their allies". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. 1 (23): 221. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Thismia Griff". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d BESI, E. E., JABAR, Q. A. M., ABD RAHMAN, S. Y. A. M. I. L., SAAD, M. Z., AHMADNI, A. S. A., & GO, R. (2024). Thismia perlisensis (Thismiaceae), a new red-annulus Thismia species from Peninsular Malaysia. Phytotaxa, 675(1), 1-10.
  4. ^ a b Thismia Griff. (n.d.). The Australian National Species List (auNSL). Retrieved December 8, 2024, from https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/name/apni/56570
  5. ^ "Thismia Griff". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  6. ^ a b c Thismia Griffith. (n.d.). Flora of North America @ efloras.org. Retrieved December 8, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=132837
  7. ^ a b c d Thismia Griffith. (n.d.-b). Flora of China @ efloras.org. Retrieved December 8, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=132837
  8. ^ a b Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. (n.d.-d). Thismia. VicFlora Flora of Victoria. Retrieved December 8, 2024, from https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/57c63c0d-3afa-424a-a2bb-f9a33b0fe033
  9. ^ Chiang, P. Y., & Hsieh, T. H. (2011). Thismia huangii (Thismiaceae), a new species from Taiwan. Taiwania, 56(2), 138-142.
  10. ^ AOYAMA, M., & TSUBOTA, H. (2014). Karyotype Analysis of Japanese Burmannia (Burmanniaceae). Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica, 65(1), 37-42.
  11. ^ a b Siti-Munirah, M. Y., Hardy-Adrian, C., Mohamad-Shafiq, S., & Irwan-Syah, Z. (2024). Thismia malayana (Thismiaceae), a new mycoheterotrophic species from Peninsular Malaysia. PhytoKeys, 242, 229.
  12. ^ a b Ya, J. D., Chen, H. Y., Zhang, W., Zhu, R. B., Cai, J., & Yu, W. B. (2024). Phylogenetic and biogeographical analyses of Thismia (Thismiaceae) support T. malipoensis as the eighth species in China. Willdenowia, 54(1), 47-63.
  13. ^ a b Merckx, V. S., & Smets, E. F. (2014). Thismia americana, the 101st anniversary of a botanical mystery. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 175(2), 165-175.
  14. ^ Espinoza, C. & Pitman, N. 2003. Thismia melanomitra. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2003: e.T43472A10806123. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T43472A10806123.en. Accessed on 08 December 2024.
  15. ^ Suetsugu, K., Yamana, K., & Okada, H. (2023). Rediscovery of the presumably extinct fairy lantern Thismia kobensis (Thismiaceae) in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, with discussions on its taxonomy, evolutionary history, and conservation. Phytotaxa, 585(2), 102-112.
  16. ^ Thismia americana N. Pfeiffer. (n.d.). Flora of North America @ efloras.org. Retrieved December 9, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242101975
  17. ^ Guo, X., Zhao, Z., Mar, S. S., Zhang, D., & Saunders, R. M. (2019). A symbiotic balancing act: arbuscular mycorrhizal specificity and specialist fungus gnat pollination in the mycoheterotrophic genus Thismia (Thismiaceae). Annals of Botany, 124(2), 331-342.
  18. ^ Mar, S. S., & Saunders, R. M. (2015). Thismia hongkongensis (Thismiaceae): a new mycoheterotrophic species from Hong Kong, China, with observations on floral visitors and seed dispersal. PhytoKeys, (46), 21.
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