Thiratoscirtus atakpa
| Thiratoscirtus atakpa | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | Thiratoscirtus |
| Species: | T. atakpa
|
| Binomial name | |
| Thiratoscirtus atakpa Wesołowska & Edwards, 2012
| |
Thiratoscirtus atakpa is a species of jumping spider in the genus Thiratoscirtus that lives in Nigeria. The species was first described in 2012 by Wanda Wesołowska and Glavis Edwards and named for an old name for Calabar, the city near where it was first found. Only the female has been described. It is a medium-sized spider, with a cephalothorax that is typically 2.6 mm long and an abdomen that is 2.5 mm in length, both oval in shape. It is generally dark brown, apart from its abdomen, which is brownish-grey. This abdomen helps distinguish it from the otherwise similar Thiratoscirtus vilis. The position of the copulatory openings, in the middle of the spider's epigyne, is also distinctive.
Taxonomy
[edit]Thiratoscirtus atakpa is a species of jumping spider that was first described by Wanda Wesołowska and Glavis Edwards in 2012.[1] One of over 500 different species identified by Wesołowska in her career, it is named for an older name for the city of Calabar in the Efik language.[2][3] They allocated the spider to the genus Thiratoscirtus, first circumscribed in 1909 by Eugène Simon. The genus is very diverse and contains many monophyletic groups.[4]
Thiratoscirtus is a member of the subtribe Thiratoscirtina in the tribe Aelurillini.[5] The genus is closely related to Nimbarus.[6] In 2012, Mellissa Bodner and Maddison proposed a subfamily Thiratoscirtinae for the genus and its related genera.[7] This overlapped with a group of genera named Thiratoscirtines after the genus, created by Jerzy Prószyński in 2017.[8] Phylogenetic analysis has shown that the genus is related to the genera Alfenus, Bacelarella, Longarenus and Malloneta.[9] It is likely to have diverged between 16.3 and 18.7 million years ago.[10] Wayne Maddison allocated the tribe to the subclade Simonida in the clade Saltafresia in the clade Salticoida.[11]
Description
[edit]Thiratoscirtus atakpa is a medium-sized spider. The spider's body is divided into two main parts:a cephalothorax and an abdomen. Females of this species have a cephalothorax measuring typically 2.6 mm (0.1 in) in length and 2.1 mm (0.08 in) in width. The carapace, the hard upper part of the cephalothorax, is oval and high. It is generally dark brown with a black area around its eyes, the bottom of which has some white hairs. The underside of the cephalothorax, or sternum, is also dark brown. White hairs can also be found on the spider's face, known as the clypeus, which is low and also dark. Its mouthparts are dark brown, and its chelicerae have two teeth at the front and one at the back.[3]
The spider's abdomen is an oval that measures typically 2.5 mm (0.1 in) long and 2 mm (0.08 in) wide. It is similarly dark underneath, with a few lighter markings. The top of the abdomen is distinctive, being brownish-grey and covered in translucent hairs, with few brown bristles scattered on its surface. The spider's spinnerets are dark grey and its legs are brown and very spiny. The pedipalps, sensory organs near the mouth, are brown. The female copulatory organs include an external epigyne that has a small central depression. There are two copulatory openings in the middle of the epigyne that lead to insemination ducts that have slight sclerotization. It is the positioning of the ducts, as well as the darker abdomen, that enables the species to be differentiated from the otherwise similar Thiratoscirtus vilis.[3] The ducts lead to thin tube-like spermathecae, or receptacles, and accessory glands.[12] The male has not been described.[1]
Distribution
[edit]Thiratoscirtus spiders generally live in Africa and are particularly common in the forests of Central and West Africa.[4] Thiratoscirtus atakpa is endemic to Nigeria.[1] The female holotype was found near Calabar in Cross River State.[3]
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ a b c World Spider Catalog (2021). "Thiratoscirtus atakpa Wesołowska & Edwards, 2012". World Spider Catalog. 22.5. Bern: Natural History Museum. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- ^ Wiśniewski 2020, p. 6.
- ^ a b c d Wesołowska & Edwards 2012, p. 759.
- ^ a b Pett, Iyomi & Mbende 2024, p. 155.
- ^ Maddison 2015, p. 280.
- ^ Szűts & Maddison 2021, p. 124.
- ^ Prószyński 2017, p. 109.
- ^ Prószyński 2017, p. 105.
- ^ Bodner & Maddison 2012, p. 219.
- ^ Bodner & Maddison 2012, p. 224.
- ^ Maddison 2015, p. 278.
- ^ Wesołowska & Edwards 2012, p. 761.
Bibliography
[edit]- Bodner, Melissa R.; Maddison, Wayne P. (2012). "The biogeography and age of salticid spider radiations (Araneae: Salticidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 65 (1): 213–240. Bibcode:2012MolPE..65..213B. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.06.005. PMID 22735169.
- Maddison, Wayne P. (2015). "A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)". The Journal of Arachnology. 43 (3): 231–292. doi:10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292. S2CID 85680279.
- Pett, Brogan L.; Iyomi, Dieu Merci Mpongo; Mbende, Menard (2024). "Discovery of three new species of Thiratoscirtus (Araneae: Salticidae: Thiratoscirtinae) from Central African rainforest". Zootaxa. 5399 (2): 155–162. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5399.2.4. PMID 38221167.
- Prószyński, Jerzy (2017). "Pragmatic classification of the World's Salticidae (Araneae)". Ecologica Montenegrina. 12: 1–133. doi:10.37828/em.2017.12.1.
- Szűts, Tamás; Maddison, Wayne P. (2021). "New species of the monotypic thiratoscirtine genera Ajaraneola and Nimbarus (Araneae: Salticidae: Aelurillini: Thiratoscirtina)". Zootaxa. 4915 (1): 119–126. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4915.1.8. PMID 33756588.
- Wesołowska, Wanda; Edwards, Glavis B. (2012). "Jumping Spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) of the Calabar Area (SE Nigeria)". Annales Zoologici. 62 (4): 733–772. doi:10.3161/000345412X659786. S2CID 86538550.
- Wiśniewski, Konrad (2020). "Over 40 years with jumping spiders: on the 70th birthday of Wanda Wesołowska". Zootaxa. 4899 (1): 5–14. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.3. PMID 33756825. S2CID 232337200.